Attaleia'nın anıtsal mezarları üzerine bazı gözlemler

Observations on the monumental tombs of Attaleia

Increasing number of salvage excavations have shown that the necropoleis of ancient Attaleia, which covered Kaleiçi, an area of about 30 ha., bordered with the fortifications until 1930s and with streets today, covered even a larger area; and it was also noted that it was damaged badly starting in the Early Byzantine period. In addition to the finds from the site of former Doğu Garajı, the monumental tomb known as Hıdırlık Kulesi for the last few centuries located in the southeast of the city, and Christian and Turkish tombs uncovered in Balbey quarter in the northeast of the city in 1966, possibly located on top of Roman and ancient necropoleis, all show that the necropoleis of Attaleia surrounded the city on three sides. Unfortunately dense construction on these areas removed the ancient necropoleis to a great extent. The greatest good luck amidst this overwhelming bad luck was the uncovering of hundreds of graves of various types at Doğu Garajı, ca. 8,500 sq. m. large, located in rocks about 5 m. below the present ground level. Beside simple cist graves and chambers entirely hewn in bedrock of travertine, plain limestone sarcophagi were also uncovered and the small finds recovered date starting from the late 4th century BC shedding strong light onto many middle level grave types and necropolis arrangement starting from the small settlement, preceding Attaleia, well into the late antiquity. On the other hand, our knowledge on the monumental tomb architecture of Attaleia is very limited. Hıdırlık Kulesi, dated to the early Roman Imperial period and the only known examples of its kind in Anatolia, steps forth as the only visible example of Attaleia’s monumental tombs. However, numerous inscriptions, high quality sarcophagi and such fragments, ostotheks, tomb altars and architectural blocks, recovered at site this way or another, do not reveal any information regarding the size, locations or types of monumental tombs which once adorned the necropoleis of ancient Attaleia. About 80 funerary inscriptions recovered to date were taken out of their original contexts of locations and areas of use by the damage that started in the early Byzantine period and continued with ensuing urban continuity. These inscriptions considered together with proper names and some structural concepts they cite indicate that an important number of monumental tombs of remarkable quality existed in the Roman period necropoleis of Attaleia. Most of these inscriptions are dated to the 2nd century A D and many others from the 1st to 3rd century AD and they mention leading people of the city like high status religious personages, senators, military personages, and wealthy landowners, as well as their families and freedmen. An important part of these finds can be linked with large size tombs based on the size of the blocks, content and letter heights of the inscriptions, material and form aspects or types. It is understood from some inscriptions that some tombs were built as a monument or for family burials, and particularly some of them contain structural terms like heroon and kenotaphion; and all these reveal that such monumental tombs were not few in number, although we are not able to determine their exact number. Another issue pointing to tomb constructions of the settlement comprises the sarcophagi, the fates of most of which are not known. Finds indicate that the necropoleis of Attaleia contained a wide variety of sarcophagus types and many examples from the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Beside sarcophagi, some ostotheks and altars, mostly produced from limestone and housed at Antalya Museum, constitute another point of interest pointing to the monumental tombs of the city. Large size travertine and limestone blocks mentioned in connection with inscriptions explicitly mentioning structural concepts like heroon and kenotaphion have a big part in establishing a link with the monumental tombs or their temenos walls. Besides, blocks belonging to steps with profiled front side, reminiscent of rows of seats, are encountered at various parts of Kaleiçi such as Hıdırlık Kulesi and Hadrian’s Gate and it is highly likely that these originated from such monumental tombs.

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