Kadıkalesi Geç Bizans Dönemi Gömülerinin Mitokondriyel Kökenleri

Amaç: Sunulan çalışmada, Kadıkalesi Anaia kazılarından elde edilen, 13.- 15. yüzyıllar arasındaki insana ait biyolojik materyallerde aDNA elde edilip, Mitokondriyel DNA’dan maternal kökenlerinin tayin edilmesi planlanmıştır. Bu sayede bölgenin mitokondriyel haplogruplarının tespiti hedeflenmiştir. Yöntem: Bu amaçla; 2016-2018 yıllarındaki açmalardan elde edilen ve Bizans dönemine tarihlendirilen 20 bireye ait kalıntılar incelenmiştir. Bireylerde önce antropometrik incelemeler yapılmış, ardından Sanger dizileme ile mitokondriyel HVR1 ve HVR2 bölgeleri incelendi. Elde edilen dizileme verileri online programlar vasıtası ile değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Çalışmanın sonucunda 20 bireyden 12’si yaş, boy ve cinsiyet bakımından kimliklendirilmiştir. İnceleme sonucu 16 bireyin maternal haplogrubuna erişilmiş ve çoğunluğunun Batı Avrasya makrohaplogruplarından oluşmuş olduğu bulunmuştur. Buna ek olarak Sahra-altı haplogruplara sahip iki birey saptanmıştır. Grubun çoğunda post mortem DNA hasarı gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç: Sunulan çalışmada Kadıkalesi Anaia’daki geç bizans dönemi toplumunun yapısı hakkında hakkında genetik bilgi elde edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar bölgede yapılacak diğer kazı alanlarında, dönemin toplum yapısının genetiğini öğrenmek için oldukça önemli bilgiler sağlayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Anaia kazıları, antik DNA, Genetik, mitokondri

Mitochondrial Origins of Late Byzantine Burials in Kadıkalesi

Objective: In the presented study, it was aimed to examine aDNA from human biological materials between the 13th and 15th centuries, obtained from the Kadıkalesi Anaia excavations, and to determine their maternal origins from Mitochondrial DNA. In this way, it was aimed to determine the mitochondrial haplogroups of the region. Methods: For this purpose; The remains of 20 individuals from the archeological excavations in 2016-2018 and dated to the Byzantine period were examined. Anthropometric examinations were first performed on individuals, and then Sanger sequencing of mitochondial HVR1 and HVR2 regions were examined. The obtained sequencing data were evaluated by online programs. Results: According to the result of the study, 12 out of 20 individuals were identified in terms of age, height and gender. As a result of the examination, the maternal haplogroup of 16 individuals was reached and it was found that the majority of them consisted of West Eurasian macrohaplogroups. In addition, two individuals with sub-Saharan haplogroups were identified. Post mortem DNA damage was observed in most of the group . Conclusion: In the present study, genetic information was obtained about the structure of the late Byzantine society in Kadıkalesi Anaia. These results will provide very important information to learn the genetics of the social structure of the period in other excavation areas to be made in the region.

Keywords:

Anaia excavation, Genetics, Ancient DNA, mitochondria,

PDF

___

1. Higuchi R, Bowman B, Freiberger M, Ryder OA, Wilson AC. DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family. Nature. 1984;312(5991):282-284. doi:10.1038/312282a0
2. Pääbo S. Preservation of DNA in ancient Egyptian mummies. Journal of Archaeological Science. 1985;12(6):411-417. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(85)90002-0
3. Larson G, Albarella U, Dobney K, et al. Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(39):15276-15281. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703411104
4. Lie BA, Dupuy BM, Spurkland A, Fernández-Viña MA, Hagelberg E, Thorsby E. Molecular genetic studies of natives on Easter Island: evidence of an early European and Amerindian contribution to the Polynesian gene pool. Tissue Antigens. 2007;69(1):10-18. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00717.x
5. Gaubert P, Zenatello M. Ancient DNA perspective on the failed introduction of mongooses in Italy during the XXth century. Journal of Zoology. 2009;279(3):262-269. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00614.x
6. Malmström H, Gilbert MT, Thomas MG, et al. Ancient DNA reveals lack of continuity between neolithic hunter-gatherers and contemporary Scandinavians. Curr Biol. 2009;19(20):1758-1762. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017
7. Lei CZ, Su R, Bower MA, et al. Multiple maternal origins of native modern and ancient horse populations in China. Anim Genet. 2009;40(6):933-944. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01950.x
8. Priskin K, Szabó K, Tömöry G, et al. Mitochondrial sequence variation in ancient horses from the Carpathian Basin and possible modern relatives. Genetica. 2010;138(2):211-218. doi:10.1007/s10709-009-9411-x
9. Ottoni C, Ricaut FX, Vanderheyden N, Brucato N, Waelkens M, Decorte R. Mitochondrial analysis of a Byzantine population reveals the differential impact of multiple historical events in South Anatolia. Eur J Hum Genet. 2011;19(5):571-576. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.230
10. Kirsanow K, Burger J. Ancient human DNA. Ann Anat. 2012;194(1):121-132. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.11.002
11. Skoglund P, Northoff BH, Shunkov MV, et al. Separating endogenous ancient DNA from modern day contamination in a Siberian Neandertal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(6):2229-2234. doi:10.1073/pnas.1318934111
12. Merheb M, Matar R, Hodeify R, et al. Mitochondrial DNA, a Powerful Tool to Decipher Ancient Human Civilization from Domestication to Music, and to Uncover Historical Murder Cases. Cells. 2019;8(5):433. Published 2019 May 9. doi:10.3390/cells8050433
13. Hagelberg E, Hofreiter M, Keyser C. Introduction. Ancient DNA: the first three decades. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015;370(1660):20130371. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0371
14. Kappelman J, Alçiçek MC, Kazanci N, Schultz M, Ozkul M, Sen S. First Homo erectus from Turkey and implications for migrations into temperate Eurasia. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2008;135(1):110-116. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20739
15. Ottoni C, Rasteiro R, Willet R, et al. Comparing maternal genetic variation across two millennia reveals the demographic history of an ancient human population in southwest Turkey. R Soc Open Sci. 2016;3(2):150250. Published 2016 Feb 17. doi:10.1098/rsos.150250
16. Ingman T, Eisenmann S, Skourtanioti E, et al. Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh), Hatay, Turkey during the 2nd millennium BC: Integration of isotopic and genomic evidence. PLoS One. 2021;16(6):e0241883. Published 2021 Jun 30. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241883
17. Mercangoz Z. From Islamic Lands of Eastern Mediterranean to a Byzantine Castle: The Medieval Islamic Ceramics at Kadıkalesi, Kuşadası. TÜRKİYE BİLİMLER AKADEMİSİ KÜLTÜR ENVANTERİ DERGİSİ. 2018;17:93-118. doi:10.22520/tubaked.2018.17.006
18. Akdeniz, E. 2007. Kadıkalesi Kazısı Miken Buluntuları-Mycenaean Finds from the Excavation. Arkeoloji Dergisi IX. 2007;1:35-69.
19. Mensforth RP, Latimer BM. Hamann-Todd Collection aging studies: osteoporosis fracture syndrome. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1989;80(4):461-479. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330800406
20. Meindl RS, Russell KF, Lovejoy CO. Reliability of age at death in the Hamann-Todd collection: validity of subselection procedures used in blind tests of the summary age technique. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1990;83(3):349-357. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330830308
21. İşcan MY. A Comparison Of The Hamann–Todd And Terry Collections. Anthropologie (1962-). 1992;30(1):35-40. Accessed May 30, 2022. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26295719
22. Ou CY, Moore JL, Schochetman G. Use of UV irradiation to reduce false positivity in polymerase chain reaction. Biotechniques. 1991;10(4):442-446.
23. Rohland N, Hofreiter M. Ancient DNA extraction from bones and teeth. Nat Protoc. 2007;2(7):1756-1762. doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.247
24. van Oven M, Kayser M. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Hum Mutat. 2009;30(2):E386-E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921
25. Pääbo S. Ancient DNA: extraction, characterization, molecular cloning, and enzymatic amplification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86(6):1939-1943. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.6.1939
26. Hansen A, Willerslev E, Wiuf C, Mourier T, Arctander P. Statistical evidence for miscoding lesions in ancient DNA templates. Mol Biol Evol. 2001;18(2):262-265. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003800
27. Gilbert MT, Hansen AJ, Willerslev E, et al. Characterization of genetic miscoding lesions caused by postmortem damage. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;72(1):48-61. doi:10.1086/345379
28. Gilbert MT, Willerslev E, Hansen AJ, et al. Distribution patterns of postmortem damage in human mitochondrial DNA [published correction appears in Am J Hum Genet. 2003 Mar;72(3):779]. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;72(1):32-47. doi:10.1086/345378
29. Hofreiter M, Jaenicke V, Serre D, von Haeseler A, Pääbo S. DNA sequences from multiple amplifications reveal artifacts induced by cytosine deamination in ancient DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2001;29(23):4793-4799. doi:10.1093/nar/29.23.4793