Biyodizel Üretimi Sırasında Yan Ürün Olan Gliserolün Ruminant Beslemede Enerji Kaynağı Olarak Kullanımı

Gliserol, renksiz, kokusuz ve tatlı yapışkan bir sıvıdır. Gliserol gliserin, propan-1,2,3-triol, 1,2,3propanetriol, 1,2,3-trihidroksipropan, gliserol ve glikol alkol olarak da adlandırılmaktadır. Bu tanımlamayla gliserol, polar organik bir trihidroksi alkol olup karbonhidrat ve lipid metabolizmasında ara üründür. Nemlendirici özelliği, enerji içeriği ve suda çözünürlük indeksinin yüksek olması nedeniyle gıda, ilaç ve kozmetik sanayide yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Biyoyakıt endüstrisinin son yıllarda ilerlemesi ile biyodizel üretmek üzere kanola, ayçiçeği ve soya gibi yağlı tohum bitkilerinden elde edilen yağlar ve hayvansal yağların katalizör eşliğinde kısa zincirli bir alkol ile reaksiyonu sonucunda yan ürün olarak ruminant hayvanlarda değerli bir enerji kaynağı olan gliserin elde edilmektedir. Gliserol ruminantlar için alternatif bir enerji kaynağı olarak görülse de gliserolün diğer enerji kaynakları ile karşılaştırıldığında besleme değeri, bulaşıklık durumu ve bunun etkisi, rasyonlara ilave edilecek düzeyi ile ilgili olarak cevaplanmamış birçok soru bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemede biyodizel üretimi esnasında ortaya çıkan gliserolün, alternatif enerji kaynağı olarak uygun nitelikleri ve ruminant beslemede kullanım olanakları irdelenmiş ve bu konudaki güncel bilgiler özetlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Biyodizel, Gliserol, Enerji ve ruminant

Using Glycerol, a Byproduct of Biodiesel Production, in Ruminant Nutrition as a Energy Source

Glycerol is colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, and sweet-tasting viscous liquid. Synonymous names for glycerol include glycerin, glycerine, propane-1,2,3-triol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1,2,3trihydroxypropane, glyceritol, and glycyl alcohol. Glycerol that is a trihydroxy sugar alcohol is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Due to its moisturizing properties, high energy content and high solubility index in water, glycerol is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. Recently, with expansion of the biofuels industry including further processing of canola, sunflower and soybean oil to produce biodiesel there is a potential for increased availability of unrefined glycerol, a byproduct, as a valuable energy source for ruminant animals. Although glycerol may be an alternative energy source for ruminant animals there are unanswered question regarding the handling, inclusion rates, impact and contamination status, and feeding value compared with other energy sources. In this review, some of the attributes and issues pertinent of glycerol as a replacement for grain feeds and source of alternative energy in ruminant nutrition were reviewed and current knowledge on this issue was summerized.

Keywords:

Biodiesel, Glycerol, Energy and ruminant,

PDF

___

Bergner H, Kijora C, Ceresnakova Z, Szakacs J (1995). In vitro studies on glycerol transformation by rumen microorganisms. Arch. Tierernahr. 48:245-256.
Bodarski R, Wertelecki T, Bommer F, Gosiewski S (2005): The Changes Of Metabolic Status and Lactation Performance in Dairy Cows Under Feeding TMR With Glycerin (Glycerol) Supplement at Periparturient Period. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Univ. Animal Husbandry. 8: 4.
CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) (2004). Glycerine, Office of Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, USA.
Chung YH (2007). The role of gluconeogenic precursors and methyl donors in periparturient Holstein dairy cows on milk yield and metabolic profiles (PhD). The Pennsylvania State University, The Graduate School, Department of Dairy and Animal Science, USA.
Chung YH, Rico DE, Martinez CM, Cassidy TW, Noirot V, Ames A, Varga GA ( 2007). Effects of feeding dry glycerin to early postpartum Holstein dairy cows on lactational performance and metabolic profiles. J. Dairy Sci. 90:5682-5691.
Coşkun B, Polat ES, Gürbüz E, İnal F (2010). Farklı saflıktaki gliserolün kuzularda besi performansı üzerine etkisi. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Science. 26(2):75-79.
Czerkawski, JW, Breckenridge G (1972). Fermentation of various glycolytic intermediates and other compounds by rumen micro-organisms, with particular reference to methane production. Br. J. Nutr. 27:131–146.
De Frain JM, Hippen AR, Kalscheur KF, Jardon PW (2004). Feeding glycerol to transition dairy cows. Effects on blood metabolites and lactation performance. J. Dairy Sci. 87:4195–4206
Donkin SS, Doane P (2007). Glycerol as a feed ıngredient in dairy rations. Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference, 24-25 April, 97-103.
Drouillard JS (2008). Glycerin as a feed for ruminants: Using glycerin in high concentrate diets. J. Anim. Sci. 86: E-Suppl. 2/J: 392.
Elam NA, Eng KS, Bechtel B, Harris JM, Crocker R (2008). Glycerol from biodiesel production: Considerations for feedlot diets. South West Management and Nutrition Conference Proceedings, Arizona, USA.
Fisher LJ, Erfle JD, Sauer DF (1971).Preliminary evaluation of the addition of glucogenic materials to the rations of lactating cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 51:721–727.
Fisher LJ, Erfle JD, Lodge GA, Sauer FD (1973). Effects of propylene glycol or glycerol supplementation of the diet of dairy cows on feed intake, milk yield and composition, and incidence of ketosis. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:289–296.
Garton GA, Lough AK, Vioque E (1961). Glyceride hydrolysis and glycerol fermentation by sheep rumen contents. J. Gen. Microbiol. 25:215–225.
Goff JP, Horst RL (2001). Oral glycerol as an aid in the treatment of ketosis/fatty liver complex. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):153. (Abstr.).
Grummer RR (1995). Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cow. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2820–2833.
Johns AT (1953). Fermentation of glycerol in the rumen of sheep. New Zealand J. Sci. Technol. 35:26226
Johnson RB (1955). The treatment of ketosis with glycerol and propylene glycol. Cornell Vet. 44:6–21.
Kaiser G, Stokes S, Goff J (2002). Effect of oral glycerol drench on transition dairy cattle. Proceedings of Mid-South Ruminant Nutrition Conference, Arlington, USA, 31-36.
Khalili H, Varvikko T, Toivonen V, Hissa K, Suvitie M (1997). The effects of added glycerol or unprotected free fatty acids or a combination of the two on silage intake, milk production, Rumen fermentation and diet digestibility in cows given grass silage based diets. Ag. Food Sci. Finland. 6:349–362.
Kijora C, Bergner H, Gotz KP, Bartelt JP, Szakacs J, Sommer A (1998). Research note: investigation on the metabolism of glycerol in the rumen of bulls. Arch. Tierernahr. 51:341-348.
Lardy G (2008). Biodiesel benefits for cattle producers: Feeding byproducts of biodiesel production. Western Organization of Resource Councils 220 South 27th Street, Suite B Billings, Montana 59101 406/252/9672, 28.
Mach N, Bach A, Devant M (2009). Effects of crude glycerin supplementation on performance and meat quality of Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets. J. Anim. Sci. 87:632–638. 100