ANONİM ŞİRKET YÖNETİM KURULLARINDA ÜYE ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİNİN SAĞLANMASI İÇİN BELİRLİ NİTELİKTE ÜYE ATANMASINA İLİŞKİN ZORUNLULUK İÇEREN KURALLAR

Anonim şirket yönetim kurullarının oluşumunda genel kurulların takdir hakları her geçen gün çeşitli nedenler ile sınırlandırılmakta ve yönetim kurullarında çeşitlilik sağlanması için belirli nitelikte üye bulundurulması yönünde kurallar konulmaktadır. Bu kuralların arkasında yatan nedenlerin başında ekonomik etkinlik ve kurumsal yönetim standartlarının artırılması yer almakla birlikte bazı durumlarda sosyal adaleti ve eşitliği sağlamak düşüncesi de önemli rol oynamaktadır. Yönetim kurulu (YK) üyelerinin niteliklerini belirleyen kuralların kapsamı bazı durumlarda tüm anonim şirketler olmak ile birlikte birçok durumda ise daha dar bir kapsam belirlenmektedir. Kapsam belirlemede, halka açıklık, borsada işlem görme, ekonomik büyüklük, sermaye, çalışan sayısı gibi kıstaslar önem arz etmektedir. Nitelik belirleyen kurallar aynı zamanda YK üye sayısının en az belirli bir sayıda olmasının zorunlu olduğu şirketleri hedeflemektedir. Ayrıca nitelikli üye oranı ve/veya sayısının belirlenmesinde de çok farklı sistemler öngörülebilmektedir. Kurallar için düzenleme tercihleri de farklı şekillerde tezahür etmektedir; genelde yaptırıma bağlanmayan yumuşak hukuk (soft law veya lex imperfecta) kuralı olarak başlayan uygulamalar daha sonra mevzuatın bir parçası olarak yaptırıma bağlanmaktadır. Kurallara uyulmamasının yaptırımları ise kuralı getiren hukuk sistemine göre ve her bir uygulama açısından çok çeşitli şekilde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu makalede Türk hukukunda ve karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki YK üyelerinin niteliklerinin belirlenmesine ilişkin seçilmiş örnek kurallar çeşitli başlıklar altında incelenecektir.

(MANDATORY LEGAL RULES FOR APPOINTING BOARD MEMBERS WITH CERTAIN QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE PURPOSE OF MAINTAINING DIVERSITY OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS IN CORPORATIONS)

In corporations, discretion rights of general assemblies (shareholders) in appointing board members have been gradually decreasing and for the purpose of maintaining board diversity in corporations new rules are set to appoint board members with certain qualifications. Even tough, the main reasons for such rules are economic efficiency and better corporate governance; in some cases, achieving social justice and social equally are also counted as a motive. The scope of rules that require certain qualifications for members of the board in some instances the rules are good for all corporations; however, in many instances the scope of such rules are narrower. Whether it's a publicly traded company, economic scale, capital, number of employees and similar criteria are generally used to determine the scope. These rules at the same time target companies obliged to appoint certain minimum number of board members. There are many different systems for determining number and percentage of qualified board members. Options for regulations also differ; the rules are mostly introduced as soft law, while in later stages they are generally converted to binding rules. Sanctions for not following the rules differ according to legal systems and specification of each rule; which creates very diverse models of sanctions for violation of the rules. This article examines some example rules introduced in Turkish law and comparative jurisdictions under various titles.

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