Esra CİZMECİ ÜMİT, Syed Muhammad Saqib SALEEM

SERBEST ZAMANDA SOSYAL MEDYA KULLANIMININ MUTLULUK ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ KONUSUNDA KÜLTÜRLER ARASI BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Serbest zamanların eğlenceli bir biçimde geçirilmesi, bireylere mutluluk getiren çok önemli faktörlerden biridir. Daha iyi bir yaşam elde edebilmek adına çalışmak durumunda olduğumuz zorunlu zamanların dışında kalan serbest zamanlarda kişiler eğlenmeye ve dinlenmeye çalışırlar. Yapılan birçok araştırmaya göre, odak noktası gençler olduğunda serbest zamanlarda keyifli vakit geçirmek için yapılan birincil aktivitenin, sosyal medyada gezinmek olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak, gençler genellikle psikolojileri ve iyilik hallerini olumsuz etkileyen, bağımlılık düzeyinde sosyal medya kullanımlarıyla anılmaktadırlar. Bu çalışma ise, konuya diğer taraftan yaklaşarak, üniversite çağındaki gençlerin sosyal medya kullanımları ile mutluluk düzeyleri arasında doğrudan bir ilişki olup olmadığını tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu sebeple, mutluluk kuramını merkeze alarak, özellikle gençleri nelerin mutlu ettiğini ve mutluluk düzeylerine etki etmesi muhtemelen bir serbest zaman etkinliği olarak sosyal medya kullanımları incelenmiştir. Türkiye ve Pakistan’daki 387 üniversite öğrencisi tarafından doldurulan Sosyal Medya Kullanım Ölçeği ve Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği’nden elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar doğrultusunda, gençlerin sosyal medya kullanımları ile mutluluk düzeyleri arasında doğrudan bir ilişki olmadığı bulunmuştur. Bu bulguların muhtemel açıklamaları, makale içerisinde tartışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Mutluluk, Sosyal Medya Kullanımı, Gençler, Serbest zaman, Türkiye, Pakistan

AN EXPLORATORY CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY ON SOCIAL MEDIA USE IN LEISURE TIME AND ITS IMPACT ON HAPPINESS

Enjoying one’s leisure time is one of the significant factors that provides happiness to people. Apart from the obligatory times that we need to work to gain a better life, we try to enjoy and relax in our leisure times. As many studies demonstrate, the primary activity that young people do to enjoy their leisure times today is to navigate in social media platforms. However, young people are mostly mentioned with addictive social media usage which damages their psychology and well-being. This study, on the other hand, aims to measure whether there is a direct relationship with the social media usage of college youth and their happiness levels. For this reason, we took the theory of happiness at the center, specifically focusing on what makes today’s youth happy, and their social media use as a leisure activity which may have impact on their happiness levels. As a result of applying surveys that include Social Media Use Integration Scale and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire on 387 college-aged students in total from Turkey and Pakistan, we found that there is no direct relationship between social media use and happiness levels of youth. Possible explanations of these findings will be discussed throughout the article.

Keywords:

Happinness, Social Media Use, Young People, Leisure Time, Turkey, Pakistan,

PDF

___

Abel, J.P., Buff, C.L., & Burr, S.A. (2016). Social Media and the Fear of Missing Out: Scale Development and Assessment. Journal of Business & Economic Research – First Quarter 2016, 14(1), 33-44.
Argyle, M. (1987). The psychology of happiness. London: Methuen.
Argyle, M., & Martin, M. (1991). The psychological causes of happiness. In F. Strack M. Rgyle, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Subjective Well-Being: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (pp. 77-101). Elmsford, NY, US: Pergamon Press.
Atay, B. (2012). Happiness in East Europe in Comparison with Turkey. BA Thesis, Istanbul Bilgi University.
Azher, M., Khan, R.B., Salim, M., Bilal, M., Hussain, A., & Haseeb, M. (2014). The relationship between Internet addiction and anxiety among students of University of Sargodha. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(1), 288-293.
Bae, J. H. (2001). Generation Effect on Gratification Obtained From Mobile Phone Use and Perception as Interpersonal Communication Medium. Korean Journalism and Communication Studies, 45: 160-188.
Balakrishnan, V., & Raj, R. G. (2012). Exploring the relationship between urbanized Malaysian youth and their mobile phones: A quantitative approach. Telematics and Informatics, 29 (3): 263–272.
Bargh, J., & McKenna, K. (2004). The Internet and social life. Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 573–590.
Bennett, S., Maton, K. & Kervin, L. (2008), “The ‘digital natives’ debate: a critical review of the evidence”, British Journal of Educational Technology, Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 775-786.
Bian, M., & Leung, L. (2015). Linking Loneliness, Shyness, Smartphone Addiction Symptoms, and Patterns of Smartphone Use to Social Capital. Social Science Computer Review. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314528779. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0894439314528779?journalCode=ssce
Blackwell, D., Leaman, C., Tramposch, R., Osborne, C., & Liss, M. (2017). Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 69-72.
Bolton, R.N., Parasuraman, A., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., Kabadayi, S., Gruber, T., Loureiro, Y.K., & Solnet, D. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and Their Use of Social Media: A Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Service Managamenet, 24(3), 245-267.
Buhrmester, D., & Prager, K. (1995). Patterns and functions of self-disclosure during childhood and adolescence. In K. J. Rotenberg (Ed.), Disclosure Processes in Children and Adolescents (pp. 10–56). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cabral, J. (2011). Is Generation Y Addicted to Social Media? The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 2(1), 5-14.
Caronia, L. & Caron, A. H. (2004). Constructing a specific culture: Young people’s use of the mobile phone as a social performance. Convergence, 10 (2): 28 – 61.
Cheung, C.M.K., Chiu, P., & Lee, M.K.O. (2011). Online social networks: Why do students use facebook? Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 1337-1343.
Chiu, S.I. (2014). The relationship between life stress and smartphone addiction on Taiwanese university student: A mediation model of learning self-Efficacy and social self-Efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, pp. 49-57. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.024
Choi, H.S., Lee, H.K., & Ha, J.C. (2012). The influence of smartphone addiction on mental health, campus life and personal relations – Focusing on K university students. Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society, 23(5), pp. 1005-1015. doi: 10.7465/jkdi.2012.23.5.1005
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94(Supplement), 95-120.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Wong, M.M. (1991). The situational and personal correlates of happiness: a cross-national comparison. In F. Strack M. Rgyle, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Subjective Well-Being: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (pp. 193-213). Elmsford, NY, US: Pergamon Press.
Çağır, G., & Gürgan, U. (2010). The Relationship Between the Levels of High School and University Students’ Problematic Use of Internet and Their Perceived Wellness and Loneliness Levels. Balıkesir University Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences, 13(24), 70-85.
Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103–157.
Dogan, T., Totan, T., & Sapmaz, F. (2013). The Role of Self-Esteem, Psychological Well-Being, Emotional Self-Efficacy, and Affect Balance on Happiness: A Path Model. European Scientific Journal, 9(20), 31-42.
Dunne, A., Lawlor, A., & Rowley, J. (2010). Young people’s use of online social network sites – a uses and gratifications perspective”. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 4(1), 46-58.
Ellison, N.B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The Benefits of Facebook “Friends”: Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 1143-1168. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
Francis, L.J., Ok, Ü., & Robbins, M. (2017). Religion and Happiness: A Study Among University Students in Turkey. Journal of Religion and Health, 56, 1335-1347. doi: 10.1007/s10943-016-0189-8
Harper, R. (2001). ‘The Mobile Interface: Old Technologies and New Arguments. In B. Brown, N. Green, & R. Harper (Eds.), Wireless World: Social and Interactional Aspects of the Mobile Age (pp. 207-224). London: Springer.
Haug, S., Castro, R.P., Kwon, M., Filler, A., Kowatsch, T., & Schaub, M.P. (2015). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), pp. 299-307. doi: 10.1556/2006.4.2015.037
Hawi, N.S., & Samaha, M.S. (2016). The Relations Among Social Media Addiction, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction in University Students. Social Science Computer Review, 1-11. doi: 10.1177/0894439316660340
Helliwell, J. F., & Putnam, R. D. (2004). The social context of well-being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 359(1449), 1435–1446.
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (1998). Positive Moods Derived From Leisure and Their Relationship to Happiness and Personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 523-535.
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A Compact Scale fort he Measurement of Psychological Well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, pp. 1073-1082.
Hussain, I. (2012). A Study to Evaluate the Social Media Trends Among University Students. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 64, 639-645. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.075
Jabeen, F., & Khan, F.A. (2016). An Empirical Analysis of Individual’s Happiness in Pakistan. PUTAJ-Humanities and Social Sciences, 23(2), 181-199.
Jan, M., Soomro, S., & Ahmad, N. (2017). Impact of Social Media on Self-Esteem. European Scientific Journal, 13-23.
Jenkins-Guarnieri, M., Wright, S.L., & Johnson, B. (2013). Development and Validation of a Social Media Use Integration Scale. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2(1), 38-50. doi: 10.1037/a0030277
Junco, R., & Cole-Avent, G. A. (2008). An introduction to technologies commonly used by college students. New Directions for Student Services, 124, 3-18. doi: 10.1002/ss.292
Kamran, S. (2010). Mobile Phone: Calling and Texting Patterns of College Students in Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(4), pp. 26-36.
Kavanagh, A.L., & Patterson, S.J. (2001). The impact of community computer networks on social capital and community involvement. American Behavioral Scientist, 45 (3), 496–510.
Karaaslan, I.A., & Budak, L. (2012). Research on the use of mobile phone features by university students and its impact on their communication practices in everyday life. Journal of Yasar University. 26(7): 4548-4571.
Kaya, S., & Argan, M. (2015). An Exploratory Qualitative Study on Mobile Leisure (M-Leisure): A Case of Mobile Phone Users in Turkey. Journal of Internet Applications and Management, 6(1), 21-32. doi: 10.5505/iuyd.2015.47955
Kırık, A.M., Arslan, A., Çetinkaya, A., & Gül, M. (2015). A Quantitative Research on the Level of Social Media Addiction Among Young People in Turkey. International Journal of Science, Culture and Sport, 3(3), 108-122. doi: 10.14486/IntJSCS444
Kuss, D.J., & Griffiths, M.D. (2011). Online Social Networking and Addiction – A Review of the Psychological Literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(9), 3528-3552. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8093528
Lee, S., & Cho, M. (2011). Social media use in a mobile broadband environment: Examination of determinants of Twitter and Facebook use. IJMM, 6(2), 71-87.
Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2007). Teens, privacy & online social networks: How teens manage their online identities and personal information in the age of MySpace. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2007/04/18/teens-privacy-and-online-social-networks/
Lepp, A. (2014a). Exploring the relationship between cell phone use and leisure: an empirical analysis and implications for management, Managing Leisure, 196 (6): 381-389.
Lepp, A. (2014b). The intersection of cell phone use and leisure: A call for research. Journal of Leisure Research, 46 (2): 218 – 225.
Lepp, A., Barkley, J.E., Sanders, G.J., Rebold, M., & Gates, P. (2013). The Relationship Between Cell Phone Use, Physical and Sedentary Activity, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in a Sample of U.S. College Students. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 79. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-79. Retrieved from http://www.ijbnpa.org/ content/10/1/79
Leung, L., & Lee, P.S.N. (2005). Multiple Determinants of Life Quality: The Roles of Internet Activities, Use of New Media, Social Support, and Leisure Activities. Telematics and Informatics, 22, 161-180.
Lin, T.T.C., Chiang, Y.H., & Jiang, Q. (2015). Sociable People Beware? Investigating Smartphone Versus Nonsmartphone Dependency Symptoms Among Young Singaporeans. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 43(7), 1209-1216. doi: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.7.1209
Livingstone, S. (2008). Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media & Society, 10(3), 393-411. doi: 10.1177/1461444808089415
Lu, L. (2005). In pursuit of happiness: The cultural psychological study of SWB. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 99–112.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111-131.
Margaryan, A., LittleJohn, A., & Vojt, G. Are digital natives a myth or reality? University students’ use of digital Technologies. Computers & Education, 56, 429-440.
Miller, S. (2012, June 24). Fear of missing out: Are you a slave to FOMO? Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/health/wellness/fear-missing-slave-fomo/story?id=16629972&singlePage=true#.T_Tg48015.wF
Nie, N. H. (2001). Sociability, interpersonal relations, and the Internet: Reconciling conflicting findings. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(3), 420–35.
Özata, F.Z., Kılıçer, T., & Ağlargöz, F. (2014). Social Networking Site User Young Adults from Addicts to Distants: User Profiles in Terms of Gratifications Obtained and Activities. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 14(3), 19-38.
Öztürk, A., & Mutlu, T. (2010). The relationship between attachment style, subjective well-being, happiness and social anxiety among university students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1772-1776. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.398
Panek, E. (2014). Left to Their Own Devices: College Students’ “Guilty Pleasure” Media Use and Time Management. Communication Research, 41(4), 561-577. doi: 10.1177/0093650213499657
Park, N., Kee, K.F., & Valenzuela, S. (2009), “Being immersed in social networking environment: Facebook groups, uses and gratifications, and social outcomes”, CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol. 12 No. 6, 729-733.
Pempek, T.A., Yermolayeva, Y.A., & Calvert, S.L. (2009). College students’ social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 227-238.
Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. (2005). Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: The full life versus the empty life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 25-41.
Prensky, M. (2001), “Digital natives, digital immigrants”, On the Horizon, Vol. 9 No. 5.
Proctor, C.L., Linley, P.A., & Maltby, J. (2009). Youth Life Satisfaction: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 583-630. doi: 10.1007/s10902-008-9110-9
Resnick, P. (2002). Beyond bowling together: Sociotechnical capital. In J. M. Carroll (Ed.), Human-Computer Interaction in the New Millennium (pp. 247–272). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Samaha, M. (2016). Relationship among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance and satisfaction with life. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 321-325. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045
Schwarz, N., & Strack, F. (1991). Evaluating one’s life: a judgment model of subjective well-being. In F. Strack M. Rgyle, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Subjective Well-Being: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (pp. 27-49). Elmsford, NY, US: Pergamon Press.
Selim, S. (2008). Life Satisfaction and Happiness in Turkey. Social Indication Research, 88, 531-562. doi: 10.1007/s11205-007-9218-z
Shah, D. V., Schmierbach, M., Hawkins, J., Espino, R., & Donavan, J. (2002). Nonrecursive models of Internet use and community engagement: Questioning whether time spent online erodes social capital. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79, 964–987.
Shams, K., & Kadow, A. (2018). Happiness Across the Life Span: Evidence From Urban Pakistan. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 12(1), 17-30.
Sherbourne, C.D., & Stewart, A. (1991). The MOS social support survey. Social Science & Medicine, 32, 705– 714.
Sriwilai, K., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2015). Face it, don’t Facebook it: Impacts of Social Media Addiction on Mindfulness, Coping Strategies and the Consequence on Emotional Exhaustion. Stress & Health, 32(4), 427-434. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2637
Stern, S. R. (2004). Expressions of identity online: Prominent features and gender differences in adolescents' World Wide Web home pages. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48(2), 218–243.
Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K.F. (2009). IS There Social Capital in a Social Network Site?: Facebook Use and College Students’ Life Satisfaction, Trust, and Participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 875-901. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x
Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Schouten, A. P. (2006). Friend networking sites and their relationship to adolescents' well-being and social self-esteem. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9, 584–590.
Valkenburg, P. M., Schouten, A. P., & Peter, J. (2005). Adolescents' identity experiments on the Internet. New Media & Society, 7(3), 383–402.
Wang, Z., Tchernev, J.M., & Solloway, T. (2012). A dynamic longitudinal examination of social media use, needs, and gratifications among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 1829-1839. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.001
Wei, R., & Lo, V. H. (2006). Staying connected while on the move: Mobile phone use and social connectedness. New Media & Society, 8, 53–72. doi:10.1177/1461444806059870
Wellman, B., Haase, A. Q., Witte, J., & Hampton, K. (2001). Does the Internet increase, decrease, or supplement social capital? Social networks, participation, and community commitment. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(3), 436.
White, J., & Mills, D.J. (2012). Examining attitudes towards and usage of smart phone technology among Japanese university students studying EFL. CALL-EJ, 15(2): 1-15.
Wu, A.M.S., Cheung, V.I., Ku, L., & Hung, E.P.W. (2013). Psychological risk factors of addiction to social networking sites among Chinese smartphone users. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(3), 160-166. doi: 10.1556/JBA.2.2013.006
Next Generation Türkiye: Gençlerin Sesini Dinlemek. 2017. British Council, Retrieved in 23.05.2018 https://www.britishcouncil.org.tr/sites/default/files/britishcouncil_nextgeneration_turkiye_temel_bulgular.pdf
Definition of happiness in English, Oxford Living Dictionaries. Retrieved from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/happiness
Definition of happy in English, Oxford Living Dictionaries. Retrieved from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/happy
Digital in 2018 in Western Asia. (2018, 1th of February). Dijilopedi, Retrieved in 11.05.2018 https://dijilopedi.com/2018-turkiye-internet-kullanim-ve-sosyal-medya-istatistikleri/
Life Satisfaction Research, 2017. (2018, 23th of February). Turkish Statistical Institute, Retrieved in 22.06.2018 http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27590