Kültür ve Kokpitteki Sonuçları: Sivil Havayolu Firmalarında Görgül Bir Araştırma

Özet:Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar örgüt kültürünün, Ekip Kaynak Yönetimi davranış biçimlerinin temel belirleyicilerinden olduğunu göstermektedir. Türk sivil havayolu firmalarının sahip olduğu örgüt kültürüne ait bazı değerlerin EKY prensiplerini desteklediği, bazılarının ise desteklemediği görülmektedir. Örneğin, Klan eğilimi arttığında, uçuş ekibi üyelerinin samimi ilişkileri yanlış değerlendirip kokpitteki emir komuta zincirini bozabilirler. Aynı zamanda klan eğilimi yüksek olduğunda kokpit ilişkilerini düzeltmek kaptan pilot ve diğer uçuş ekibi üyelerinin görev sorumluluklarını artıracağından stres düzeyinin artmasına neden olabilecektir. Hiyerarşi eğilimi arttığından sadece kaptan tarafından başlatılabilen bir iletişim görülebilir. Buna ek olarak liderlik otokratikleştiğinde sadece sonuçlara yönelme söz konusu olup diğer tüm EKY prensipleri göz ardı edilebilir. Türk sivil havayolu firmalarının örgüt kültürlerini gözden geçirmeleri ve EKY prensiplerini destekleyen değer ve inanışları kültürlerine kazandırmalarını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Uçuş, Uçuş Ekibi, Ekip Kaynak Yönetimi, Kültür, Örgüt Kültürü, Havayolu Kazaları

Culture and Consequences in the Cockpit: An Empirical Research Studies in Turkish Air Lines Companies

Results show that organizational culture is basic factor which shapes the Crew Resource Management (CRM) based behaviors. Some of the value, which Turkish Airlines Companies organizational cultures have, supports the CRM. Some doesn’t. If Clan tendency level increased, Air crew may disregard the authority of the captain pilot and break the chain of command in the cockpit. On the other hand high clan tendency might require to care and sustain flight crew relationship and this burden too many extra responsibilities on captain pilots shoulders. Unfortunately this might cause high stress level in the cockpit. Additionally, if hierarchy tendency level increased, then communication can only be started by the patron of the cockpit. And also, if leadership becomes autocratic then leader in the cockpit might focus on results but nothing else. These results warn that Turkish Airlines Companies should revise their organizational culture and place some of the value which supports the CRM liked behaviors.

Keywords:

Flight, Flight Crew, Crew Resource Management, Culture, Organizational Culture, Airlines Accidents,

PDF

___

Allen, R. F. ve F. J. Dyer (1980). A tool for tapping the organizational unconscious. Personnel Journal, 59: 192-198.
Alvesson, M. (2002). “Understanding Organizational Culture”, Sage Publication. London. Thoudsand Oaks.
Barney, J.B. (1986). “Organizational Culture: Can It be a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage?”, The Academy of Mangement Review, Vol.11, No.3, ss. 656-665.
Barley, S.R. (1983). “Semiotics and the Study of Occupational and Organizational Cultures”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 3, Organizational Culture, ss. 393-413.
Bryne, B.M. (2006). Structural Equation Modeling with EQS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
CAA, (2006), “CAP 737, Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training, Guidance for Flight Crew, CRM Instructors (CRMIS) and CRM Instructor-Examiners (CRMIES)”.
Calori, R. ve Sarnin, P. (1991). Corporate culture and economic performance: A French study. Organization Studies, 12(1): 49-74. Casida, J. (2008). “Leadership-Organizational Culture Relationship in Nursing Units of Acute Care Hospitals”, Nursing Economics, Vol. 26, No.1.
Christensen, E. W. ve Gordon, G. G. (1999). An exploration of Industry, culture and revenue growth. Organization Studies, 20(3): 397-422
Cooper, G.E., M.D. White ve Lauber J.K.(1979). Resource Management on the Flight Deck, Proceedings of NASA/ IndustryWorkshop.
Danışman, A. ve H. Özgen, (2003), “Örgüt Kültürü Çalışmalarında Yöntem Tartışması: Niteliksel-Niceliksel Yöntem İkileminde Niceliksel Ölçümler ve Bir Ölçek Önerisi”, Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, c.3. S.2. ss.91-124.
Department of Defense (2001). “Cockpit/Crew Resource Management Training Program”, Air Force Instruction, AFI 11–290, e-Publication, Air Force Flight Standards Agency, Andrews AFB.
Driskell, J.E. ve Salas, E. (1991). “ Group Decision Making Under Stress”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 76, No. 3, ss. 473-478.
Emhan, A. (2005). Organizasyon sağlığı ve iş örgütlerinde bir uygulama (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya.
Emhan, A., Kula S., ve Töngür, A. (2013). Yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılarak yönetici desteği, örgütsel bağlılık, örgütsel performans ve tükenmişlik kavramları arasındaki ilişkilerin analizi: kamu sektöründe bir uygulama. H.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 31, Sayı 1: 53-69
France, D.J., Stiles, R. Gaffney, F.A., Seddon, M.R., Nixon, W.R. ve Speroff, T. (2005). “Crew Resource Management Training-Clinicians Reactions and Attiudes”, AORN Journal, Vol. 82, No.2.
Fischer, U. ve Orasanu, J. (1999). “Say It Again, Sam! Effective Communication Strategies to Mitigate Pilot Error”, 10th. International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, OH.
Harrison, R. (1975). Diagnosing organization ideology. J. E. Jones ve J. W. Pfeffer (Der.). The 1975 annual Handbook for group facilitators: 101-107. CA: University Associates San Diego.
Helmreich, R.L. ve Merritt, A.C. (1998). Culture at Work in Aviation and Medicine National, Organizational and Professional Influences, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Gower House, Croft Road, Aldershot Hampshire GU 11 3HR, England.
Helmreich, R.L. (1998). “Error Management as Organizational Strategy”, In Proceedings of the IATA Human Factors Seminar, ss.1-7, Bangkok, Thailand.
Helmreich, R.L., Merritt, A.C. ve Wilhelm, J.A. (1999). “The Evolution of Crew Resource Management Training in Commercial Aviation”, International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 9(1), ss.19-32.
Helmreich, R.L. (1999). “Building Safety on the Three Cultures of Aviation”, In Proceeding of the IATA Human Factor Seminar, ss. 39-43, Bangkok, Thailand, August12, 1998.
Helmreich, R.L. (2000). “Culture and Error in Space: Implications from Analog Environments”, Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 71(9-11), ss. 133-139.
Hoang, V.R. (1996), “Cockpit-Cabin Communication: The Impact of National and Occupational Cultures.”, Thesis of Master of Science, San Jose University.
Hofstede, G. (2001), “Culture’s Consequences Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations”, Second Edition Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delphi.
Howard, L. W. (1998). Validating the competing values model as a representation of organizational cultures. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 6(3): 231-250.
Jones, G.R. (1983). “Transaction Costs, Prosperty Rights and Organizational Culture: An Exchange Perspective”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.28, No.3, Organizational Culture, ss.454-467.
Jöreskog, K., Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8: User’s Reference Guide, Scientific Software International Inc.
Keen, I. (1995). “Metaphor and the Metalanguage: Groups in Northeast Arnhem Land”, American Ethnologist, Vol. 22, No. 3, ss. 502-527.
Keth, D. (2003). “Crew Resource Management: Anathema or Necessity?”, Aviation Safety Promotion Department of the CAA, Vol.3, No.1.
Keyes, R.J. (1990). “Cockpit Resource Management A New Approach to Aircrew Coordination Training”, Maxwell AFB AL 36112-5532.
Kunda, G. (1995). “Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation”, Organization Science, Vol. 6, No. 2, ss.228-230.
Lauber, J. K. (1993). “Foreword for Wiener”, E.L., Helmreich, R.L., Kanki, B.G., Cockpit Resource Management, San Diego, CA: Academic Press
Leon, J.S. (2010). “Leadership Styles in Competing Organizational Cultures”, Kravis Leadership Institute, Leadership Review, Vol.10, ss. 125-141.
Mengenci, C. (2010). Ekip Kaynak Yönetimi Uygulamaları Üzerinde Toplumsal ve Örgütsel Kültürün Etkileri: Türk Sivil Havayolu Firmalarında Görgül Bir Araştırma, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi.
Mengenci, C.,Ö. G. Topçu, (2011). Örgüt Kültürünün Ekip Kaynak Yönetimi Uygulamalarına Etkisi: Türk Sivil Havayolu Firmalarında Görgül Bir Araştırma. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi , 20(3), 201-232. (Kontrol No: 1028193)
Major, D.A. (2000). “Effective Newcomer Socialization Into High-Performance Organizational Culture”, In Hanbook of Organizational Culture and Climate, Sage Publication, ss.355-368.
Marcouildes, G.A. ve Heck, R.H. (1993). “Organizational Culture and Performance: Proposing and Testing a Model”, Organization Science, Vol.4, No.2, ss. 209-225.
Merrittt, A.C., Helmreich, R.L., Wilhelm, J.A. ve Sherman, P.J. (1996). Flight Management Attitudes Questionnaire 2.0., The University of Texas.
Merritt, A.C. (1996). “National Culture and Work Attitudes in Commercial Aviation: A Cross-Cultural Investigation”, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Texas.
Mills, J.C.H. ve Mills, A.J. (2000). “Rules, Sensemaking, Formative Contexts, and Discourse in the Gendering of Organizational Culture”, In Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate, Ed. N.M. Ashkanasy, C.P.M. Widerom, M.F. Peterson, Sage Publication, ss. 55-70, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delphi.
Musson, D.M. (2000). “A Proposal fort he Integration of Behavioural Research into International Space Station Operations”, Space Technology and Application International Forum da sunulmuştur, The University of Texas.
Musson, D.M. (2003). “Personality Determinants of Professional Culture: Evidence from Astronauts, Pilots and Physicians”, Doktora tezi, The University of Texas.
Musson, D.M.ve Helmreich, R.L. (2004). “Management in Health Care: Current Issues and Future Directions”, Harvard Health Policy Review, Vol. 5, No. 1.
Ouchi, W.G. ve Wilkins, A.L. (1985). “Organizational Culture”, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 11, ss. 457-483.
O’RellyIII, C.A. (1980). “Individuals and Information Overload in Organizations: Is More Necessarily Better?”, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 23, No. 4, ss.684-696.
Orlady, H.W. ve Foushee, H.C. (1986). “Cockpit Resource Management Training”, NASA Conference Publication, 2455.
Pratt, M.G. ve Rafaeli, A. (1997). “Organizational Dress as a Symbol of Multilayered Social Identities”, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol.40, No.4, ss. 862-898.
Peterson, M.F. ve Smith, P.B. (2000). “Source of Meaning, Organizations, and Culture Making Sense of Organizational Events”, In Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate, N.M.Ashkanasy, C.P.M. Wilderom, M.F. Peterson, Sage Publication, ss. 101-115.
Peterson, M.F., Smith, P.B., Akande, A. Ayestaran, S. Bochner, S., Callan, V., Cho, N.C., Jesuino, J.C., D’Amorim, M., Francois,
P.H., Hofmann, K., Koopman, P.L., Leung, K., Lim, T.K., Mortazavi, S., Munene, J., Radford, M., Ropo, A., Savage, G., Setiadi,
B., Sinha, T.N., Sorenson, R. ve Viedge, C. (1995). “Role Conflict, Ambiguity, and Overload: A 21- Nation Study”, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2, ss. 429-452.
Reason, J. (2000), “Human Error: Models and Management”, Education and Debate, BMJ, Vol. 320.
Reynolds, P. D. (1986). Organizational culture as related to industry, position and performance: A preliminary report. Journal of Management Studies, 23(3): 333-345.
Rizzo, J.R., House, R.J. ve Lirtzman, S. (1970). “Role Conflict and Ambiguity in Comlex Organizations”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 15, No.2, ss. 150-163.
Rowan, B. (1985). “Review: Making Sense of Organizational Symbolism”, Organizational Symbolism (Monograph in Organizational Behavior and Industrial Relations, Vol. 1). by Pondy, L.R., Frost, P.J., Morgan, G., Dandridge, T.C., Comtemporary Socialogy, Vol. 14, No.2, ss. 173-175.
Sagiv, L. ve Schwartz, H.S. (2000). “A New Look At National Culture Illustrative Applications to Role Stress and Managerial Behavior”, In Handbook of Culture and Climate, N.M. Ashkanasy, C.P.M. Wilderom, M.F. Peterson, Sage Publication, ss. 417-435.
Salas, E., Rosen, M.A., Held, J.D. ve Weissmuller, J.J. (2009). “Performance Measurement in Simulation-Based Training: A Review and Best Practices”, Simulation and Gaming, Vol. 40, No. 3, ss. 328-376.
Schein, E.H. (1984). “Culture as an Environmental Context for Careers”, Journal of Occupational Behaviour, Vol. 5, No.1, ss. 71-81.
Schein, E.H. (1992). Organizational Culture and Leadership, Jossey-Bass Inc.
Schein, E.H. (1996). “Culture: The Missing Concept in Organiztion Studies”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 41, ss. 229-40.
Sexton, J.B. ve Helmreich, R.L. (1992). Analyzing Cockpit Communicaiton: The Links Between Language, Performance, Error, and Workload, The University of Texas Austin.
Smircich, L. (1983). “Concept of Culture and Organizational Analysis”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 3, ss. 339-358.
Schumacker, R.E. ve Lomax, R.G. (2004). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling, 2 nd Edition, Mahwah, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,
Trice, H.M. ve Beyer, J.M. (1984). “Studying Organizaitonal Cultures through Rites and Ceremonials”, The Academy of Management Review, Vol.9, No.4, ss.
Wallach, E. J. (1983). Individuals and organizations: The cultural match. Training and Development Journal, 37(2): 28-34.