SOSYAL VE ETİK YÖNLERİYLE TÜRKİYE’DE BABALIK TESTLERİ

Nesep tayini ya da soy bağı belirlenmesi adli bilimlerde sıklıkla başvurulan uygulama alanlarından biridir. Geçmişte fiziksel özelliklerin benzerliklerinden ve kan grubu analizlerinden faydalanılarak yapılan yorumların yerini günümüzde, net sonuçlar (%99,99 olasılıkla) veren genetik analizler almıştır. Teknolojik değişikliklerle beraber aile bağları açısından önemli sonuçları olan babalık testleri ile ilgili etik kaygılar da her geçen gün şekil değiştirmektedir. Babalık testlerinde tüm tarafların onay vermesi gerekliliği tartışmaları yerini, bir kişiye ait biyolojik bir materyalin ondan habersiz laboratuvara gönderilip, test edilmesi ile ilgili kaygılara bırakmıştır. Ticari firmalar tarafından gerçekleştirilen testlerin sonuçları, kendilerine ulaşan müşterilere herhangi bir genetik danışmanlık verilmeksizin teslim edilmekte ve toplumsal olarak önemli aile yapısının bu şekilde nasıl zarar görebileceği de düşünülmemektedir. Tüm biyoteknolojik uygulamalarda olduğu gibi, babalık testleri için de etik ihlaller iyice tartışılmalı ve ailelerin – özellikle de çocukların- duygusal, finansal ve fiziksel olarak zarar görmemesi için gerekli önlemler alınmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

babalık testi, adli bilimler, DNA Profili, Onam

SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF PATERNITY TESTING IN TURKEY

Paternity testing is one of the most frequent applications in forensic sciences. In the past, interpretations was made by using similarities of physical characteristics and blood groups. These old school methods have been replaced by genetic analyzes that give clear results (99.99% probability). Along with technological changes, ethical concerns about paternity tests, which have important consequences for family ties, are changing every day. Discussions about the necessity of consent of all parties in paternity tests have been replaced by concerns about sending a biological material belonging to a person to a laboratory without his knowledge. The results of the tests carried out by commercial companies are delivered to the customers who reach them without any genetic counseling, and it is not considered how the socially important family structure can be damaged in this way. As in all biotechnological applications, ethical violations for paternity tests should be discussed thoroughly and necessary precautions should be taken to prevent emotional, financial and physical harm to families and especially children.

Keywords:

Paternity Testing, Consent, DNA Profiling, Forensic Sciences,

PDF

___

1. Rudin N, Inman K. (2001) An Introduction to Forencis DNA Analysis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 155-156.
2. Butler, J. M. (2006). Genetics and genomics of core short tandem repeat loci used in human identity testing. Journal of forensic sciences, 51(2), 253-265.
3. Jeffreys AJ, Wilson V, Thein SL. (1985) Hypervariable minisatellite regions in human DNA. Nature, 314, 67-73.
4. Tracy M. (2001) Short Tandem Repeat-based Identification of Individuals and Parents. Croation Medical Journal.; 42:3: 233-238.
5. Butler JM. (2005) Forensic, DNA typing: biology, technology, and genetics of STR markers. New York, 2 Ed. Elsevier Academic Press.
6. Kaçak N. (2004) Yeni içtihatlarla Yeni Türk Medeni Kanunu. Seçkin Yayınevi; 558-584.
7. Reshef A, Brawner P, Shpitzen M, Gallili N, Marbach A, Motro U, Shmueli E, Meiner V. (1999) Chorionic Villus Sampling Prior to Pregnancy Termination, A Tool for Forensic Paternity Testing. J Forensic Sci.44(5);1065-1068.
8. Hui-Ling L, Chuan-Xi W, Feng-Qiang W, Jian-Jin L. (1994) Paternity Identification In Twins with Different Fathers. J Forensic Sci.;39(4);1100-1102.
9. Mertens, G. (2006). The ethical debate on present day paternity testing practices. Acta Clinica Belgica, 61(2), 74-78.
10. Stanley A. (2005). “So who is your daddy? In DNA tests, TV Finds Elixir to raise ratings” The New York Times, March 19, P.1. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/19/business/media-business-so-who-s-your-daddy-dna-tests-tv-finds-elixir-raise-ratings.html Erişim tarihi: 12.10.2021
11. Toya, W. (2017). Ethical, legal and social issues in Japan on the determination of blood relationship via DNA testing. Asian bioethics review, 9(1), 19-32.
12. Caenazzo, L., Tozzo, P., Benciolini, P., & Rodriguez, D. (2008). Information and consent in internet paternity testing: focus on minors' protection in Italy. Genetic testing, 12(4), 507-511.
13. www.dnacenter.com/paternity-testing/ Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2021
14. Rothstein, M. A., Rothstein, M. A., Murray, T. H., Kaebnick, G. E., & Majumder, M. A. (Eds.). (2005). Genetic ties and the family: the impact of paternity testing on parents and children. JHU Press.
15. Ross, L. F. (1996). Disclosing misattributed paternity. Bioethics, 10(2), 114-130.
16. Grgicak, C. M., Rogers, S., & Mauterer, C. (2006). Discovery and identification of new D13S317 primer binding site mutations. Forensic Science International, 157(1), 36-39.
17. Li, F., Xuan, J., Xing, J., Ding, M., Wang, B., & Pang, H. (2014). Identification of new primer binding site mutations at TH01 and D13S317 loci and determination of their corresponding STR alleles by allele-specific PCR. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 8(1), 143-146.
18. Bringmann B, Möller A, Wiegand P. (1995) Structure of New Mutations in Two STR Systems. Int J Legal Med. 107;201-203
19. PETRİDİS, G., ÖZCAN, Ş. Ş., Büyük, U., & KALFOGLOU, S. (2021). Babalık Testinde Rapor Serüveni: Bir Olgu Sunumu. Journal of Medical Sciences, 2(1), 57-61.
20. Wagner, J., Džijan, S., Marjanović, D., & Lauc, G. (2009). Non-invasive prenatal paternity testing from maternal blood. International journal of legal medicine, 123(1), 75-79.
21. Lucassen, A., & Parker, M. (2001). Revealing false paternity: some ethical considerations. The Lancet, 357(9261), 1033-1035.
22. UK Health Departments. (2001) Code of practice and guidance on genetic paternity testing services. London: Department of Health.
23. Turney, L., Gilding, M., Critchley, C. R., Shields, P., Bakacs, L., & Butler, K. A. (2003). DNA paternity testing: Public perceptions and the influence of gender. Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, 1, 21-37.
24. Draper, H., & Ives, J. (2009). Paternity testing: a poor test of fatherhood. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 31(4), 407-418.
25. TUĞ, A., ALAKOÇ, D. Y., & ELMA, C. (2004). Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Adli Tıp Anabilim Dalında gerçekleştirilen babalık testlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Adli Bilimler Dergisi, 3(3), 51-56.