While the refugee “question” has been a major topic of discussion in Europe since 2014, European countries have a much longer immigration history. Since the 1990’s, the impact of international migration has extended from countries in Europe, such as Germany, toward states such as Greece, Spain, and Turkey. In response to these developments, “there has been a huge increase in resources devoted to categorizing, regulating and trying to ‘manage’ migration and migrants, including at EU level.”

While the refugee “question” has been a major topic of discussion in Europe since 2014, European countries have a much longer immigration history. Since the 1990’s, the impact of international migration has extended from countries in Europe, such as Germany, toward states such as Greece, Spain, and Turkey. In response to these developments, “there has been a huge increase in resources devoted to categorizing, regulating and trying to ‘manage’ migration and migrants, including at EU level.”