AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN KARADENİZ’DEKİ FAALİYETLERİ: POLİTİKALARI, GÜÇLÜ-ZAYIF YÖNLERİ VE RUSYA İLE REKABETİ

Karadeniz fırsatlar ve meydan okumaları bünyesinde barındıran bir bölgedir. Bölgenin sunduğu fırsatların cazibesi, birçok uluslararası aktörü, Avrupa Birliği (AB) de dâhil olmak üzere, bölgedeki meydan okumalara aldırış etmeden bölgeye müdahil olmaya yöneltmektedir. Soğuk Savaşın bitmesinin ardından AB’nin bölge ülkeleriyle ilişki kurması mümkün hale gelmiştir. Merkezi ve Doğu Avrupa’da yer alan eski Sovyet ülkelerinin doğu genişlemesiyle AB üyesi haline gelmesiyle Karadeniz bölgesinin AB’nin komşuluk alanlarındaki önemi de artmıştır. Bundan dolayı AB bölgeye farklı mekanizmalar yoluyla müdahil olmaktadır. AB’nin bölgeye dâhil olma düzeyinde meydana gelen artışa bağlı olarak Rusya ile arasında bölgeyi kendi hedeflerine uygun olarak dönüştürmek noktasındaki rekabette de artış gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada AB’nin Karadeniz bölgesiyle ilişkilerini nasıl ele aldığı incelenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu bağlamda, ilk olarak, AB’nin bölgeye yönelik politika araçları açıklanacaktır. İkinci olarak, AB’nin Karadeniz’deki güçlü ve zayıf yanları ele alınacaktır. Son olarak ise Karadeniz’de AB ve Rusya arasındaki denge analiz edilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Avrupa Birliği, Karadeniz, Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası, Doğu Ortaklığı, Rusya

THE ACTIVITIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE BLACK SEA: ITS POLICIES, STRENGTHS-WEAKNESSES AND RIVALRY WITH RUSSIA

Black Sea is a region of opportunities and challenges. The attractiveness of these opportunities pushes many international actors including the EU to involve in the politics of the region despite the challenges existing in the region. After the end of Cold War, it became possible for the EU to establish relations with the countries in the region. The eastern enlargement covering the post-Soviet countries in the Central and Eastern Europe led to an increase in the importance of the Black Sea region in the EU’s neighbourhood. By the way, the EU has been involving into the region through various kinds of mechanisms. As the level of involvement of the EU to the region increases, the competition between the EU and Russia aiming to design their shared neighbourhoods in line with their own objectives has also intensified. This study aims to examine the EU’s way of handling of its relations with the Black Sea region. In this scope, firstly, the EU mechanisms targeting the region will be elaborated. Secondly, the strengths and weaknesses of the EU policies in the Black Sea region will be discussed. Finally, the balance between the EU and Russia in the Black Sea will be considered.

Keywords:

European Union, Black Sea, European Neighbourhood Policy, Eastern Partnership, Russia,

PDF

___

Andreev, Svetlozar A., (2008), “The Future of European Neighbourhood Policy and the Role of Regional Cooperation in the Black Sea Area”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 93-108.
Arbatova, Nadia Alexandrova, (2008), “Regional Cooperation in the Black Sea Area in the Context of EU-Russia Relations”, ICBSS Xenophon Paper, No. 5.
Averre, Derek, (2009), “Competing Rationalities: Russia, the EU and the Shared Neighbourhood”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 61, No. 10, p. 1689-1713.
Aydın, Mustafa, (2005), “Europe’s New Region: The Black Sea in the Wider Europe Neighbourhood”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, p. 257-283.
Blockmans, Steven, (2014), “Ukraine, Russia and the Need for More Flexibility in EU Foreign Policy-Making”, CEPS Policy Brief, No. 320.
Boonstra, Jos and Natalia Shapovalova, (2010), “The EU’s Eastern Partnership: One Year Backwards”, Fride Working Paper, No. 99.
Bordachev, Timofei V., (2001), “The Russian Challenge for the European Union- Direct Neighbourhood and Security Issues”, Beyond EU Enlargement, Iris Kempe (Ed.), Bertelsmann Foundation Publishers, p. 47-64.
Celac, Sergiu and Panagiota Manoli, (2006), “Towards a New Model of Comprehensive Regionalism in the Black Sea Area”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, p. 193-205.
Christou, George, (2010), “European Security Logics to the East- The European Neighbourhood Policy and the Eastern Partnership”, European Security, Vol. 19, No. 3, p. 413-430.
Cioculescu, Şerban Filip, (2013), “Rethinking the Black Sea: Between the Transatlantic and Euroasian Projects”, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol. 41, No. 1, p. 1-33.
Council of the European Union, “European Security Strategy- A Secure Europe in a Better World”, Brussels, 12.12.2003.
Dura, George, (2009), “The EU’s Political Interests in the Wider Black Sea Area”, Monitor Strategic, No. 1-2, p. 9-18.
Efe, Haydar, (2013), “The European Union’s Black Sea Region Policy”, Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 5, No. 16, p. 54-65.
Elsuwege, Peter Van, (2010), “The Eastern Partnership: Characteristics and Challenges”, Historia, Vol. 10, p. 205-209.
European Commission, “Report on the Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy Review”, Brussels, 18.5.2017.
European Union External Actions Webpage, (http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/index_en.htm, Accessed on 26 September 2017).
Hatto, Odette Tomescu, (2011), “The European Union and the Wider Black Sea Region: Interests, Challenges and Opportunities” Energy Security: International and Local Issues, Theoretical Perspectives and Critical Energy Infrastructures, A. Gheorghe & L. Muresan (Eds.), Springer, p. 23-36.
Joint Declaration of the Eastern Partnership Summit, Riga, 21-22 May 2015. (http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/eastern/docs/riga-declaration-220515-final_en.pdf, Accessed on 12 September 2017).
Kocamaz, Sinem, (2007), “Avrupa Birliği’nin Komşuluk Politikası Çerçevesinde Transkafkasya Ülkeleri ile İlişkileri”, Orta Asya ve Kafkasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. 2, No. 4, s. 65-96.
Lapczyński, Marcia, (2009), “The European Union’s Eastern Partnership: Chances and Perspectives”, Caucasus Review of International Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 143-155.
Lippert, Barbara, (2008), “European Neighbourhood Policy: Many Reservations- Some Progress- Uncertain Prospects”, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung International Policy Analysis.
MacFarlane, Neil & Anand Menon, (2014), “The EU and Ukraine”, Survival, Vol. 56, No. 3, p. 95-101.
Manoli, Panagioata, (2010), “Reinvigorating Black Sea Cooperation: A Policy Discussion”, Commission on the Black Sea Policy Report, No. III, p. 24.
Meister, Stefan & Maria-Lena May, (2009), “The EU’s Eastern Partnership—a Misunderstood Offer of Cooperation”, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik.
Michalski, Anna, (2009), “The Eastern Partnership: Time for an Eastern Policy of the EU?”, Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies European Policy Analysis, Iss. 14.
Nilsson, Niklas, (2008), “EU and Russia in the Black Sea Region: Increasingly Competing Interests?”, Romanian Journal of European Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 25-39.
Prodi, Romano, (2002), “A Wider Europe- A Proximity Policy as the Key to Stability”, Speech to the Sixth ESCA World Conference, Brussels.
Rywkin, Michael, (2014), “Ukraine: Between Russia and the West”, American Foreign Policy Interests, Vol. 36, No. 2, p. 119-126.
Wesselink, Edzard & Ron Boschma, (2017), “European Neighbourhood Policy: History, Structure, And Implemented Policy Measures”, Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, Vol. 108, No. 1.