TAMAMLAYICILIK KURUMU OLARAK VAKIFLAR VE LONCALAR

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda kozmoloji teoloji ile dergâhlarda birbirine entegre ediliyordu. Dergâhların ve üzerinde kuruldukları vakıfların sosyal ve zamansal gerilemeleri, loncaların yükselişi ile ele ele gider. Çalışmada, vakıflar ve loncaların bu eşzamanlılığı Weber’in ideal tip yöntemi ile entegrasyon ve dahil etme kavramları kapsamında iki farklı sosyal koordinasyon türü olarak işlenecek. Toplum normlarına dayalı entegrasyon, vakıfların etik ve/veya etnik liderin çıkarlarını genelleştirmeye yetebilir. Ancak, loncalar gibi araçsal akıl üzerine kurulu bir organizasyonda birlikteliğe dahil etme, tarihsel kişiliklerden çok sözleşme temelinde modern hukuk sisteminden beklenmektedir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda, vakıflar merkezli bir topluluktan loncalar çerçevesinde sembolik iletişime dayanan bir topluma geçişin en önemli aktörleri ayanlardır. Ayanlar hem bağlayıcı normlar yoluyla entegrasyonu hem de güç ve para yoluyla dahil edilmeyi talep ediyorlardı. Bu aynı anda iki tür sosyal eylemin koordinasyonu tamamlayıcılık olarak tanımlanacak. Çalışma, bu bağlamda modernitenin önkoşullarının incelenmesinden sonra, bu biçim değişikliğine kurumsal düzeyde teorik bir çerçeve sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

vakıflar, loncalar, entegrasyon, dahil etme, tamamlayıcılık, ideal tip

VAKIFLAR AND GUILDS AS AN INSTITUTION OF COMPLEMENTARITY

In Ottoman Empire cosmology was integrated with theology in the religious orders. Temporally and socially their descent goes hand in hand with the rise of the guilds. This coexistence of vakıflar and guild explained with the ideal type method of Weber with the two different type of social coordination, which are integration and inclusion. An integration based on the community norms could be achieved by generalizing the interest of the ethical and/or ethnic leader in vakıflar. On the other hand, inclusion within an organization of an instrumental rationality is expected less from historical personalities and more from the modern legal system on the basis of the contract. Within the Ottoman Empire, the most crucial actors of the transition from a community based on vakıflar to a society based on the symbolic communication inside guilds are the ayans. Ayans would need both integration through norms and inclusion through power and money. The coordination of these two types of social action is called complementarity. Following an examination of the preconditions of modernity, the article offers a theoretical frame for these change of form on the institutional level.

Keywords:

Vakıflar, integration, guilds, complementarity, ideal type,

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