Akarlarda Feromonlar

Feromon bir birey tarafından vücut dışına salgılanan ve aynı türün diğer üyeleri tarafından algılandığında, özel bir takım reaksiyonların oluşmasına neden olan kimyasal bileşenlerdir. Akarlarda, günümüze kadar dört tip feromonun varlığından bahsedilmiştir. Bunlar alarm, eşey, toplanma ve iz-işaret feromonlarıdır. Genellikle her bir akar türünde tek tip feromonal aktivasyon belirlenmiştir. Ancak birden fazla feromonal etkiye sahip olan akar türleri de bulunmaktadır. Bu durum, ya bir akarın farklı feromonal bileşenler bulundurması ya da tek bileşenin farklı koşullar altında, farklı feromonal aktivasyon göstermesi ile sağlanmaktadır. Böceklerde her bir feromon farklı bir bezden salgılanırken, astigmatid akarlarda üç farklı feromon (toplanma, eşey, alarm), tek bir bezde (opisthonotal bezler) üretilebilmektedir. Akar feromonları içerisinde üzerinde en çok çalışılan ve en iyi bilineni alarm feromonlarıdır. Akar feromonlarına yönelik üzerinde en fazla çalışılan grup ise astigmatid’lerdir. Yirmi astigmatid türde alarm feromonunun var olduğu bilinmektedir. Ayrıca astigmatid akarlardan 20 civarında türde eşey, 7 türde toplanma feromonu tespit edilmiştir. Sınırlı sayıda da olsa, bazı prostigmatid, mesostigmatid ve metastigmatid akar türlerindeki feromonlara yönelik çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Diğer yandan, feromonların böceklere karşı çeşitli amaçlarla (izleme, kitle yakalama, çiftleşme davranışının bozulması vb.) kullanımından başarılı sonuçlar elde edilmişken, akarlarda böylesi çalışmalar sınırlıdır. İlk kez, V. destructor’un eşey feromonu, akarın çiftleşme davranışını bozmak amacı ile kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar akarların feromonlara dayalı biyoteknik mücadeleleri açısından umut verici olmuştur. Diğer yandan, Dermatophagoides farinae (Hughes) ve D. pteronyssinus (Trouessart) (Astigmata: Pyroglyphidae)’un toplanma feromonunun (neryl formate), toz akarlarının tuzaklanarak mücadelesinde önemli potansiyele sahip olabileceği de belirtilmiştir. İleriki araştırmalarda özellikle bitki koruma açısından önemli akarlardaki feromonal bileşenler ve feromonların ekonomik önemli türlerin biyoteknik mücadelesindeki potansiyellerinin incelenmesi gerekmektedir.

Pheromones in Mites

Pheromones are chemical compounds that are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the same species to have specific reactions. So far, four types of pheromones have been mentioned in the mites. These are alarm, sex, aggregation and trail-marking pheromones. There is generally a single type of pheromonal activation in each mite species. But, there are also mite species having more than one pheromonal effect. This is achieved either by the presence of different pheromonal compounds in a mite or by the single compound showing different pheromonal activation under different conditions. Whereas insects have a different gland for each pheromone, astigmatic mites can produce three different pheromones (alarm, sex, aggregation) from a single gland (opisthonotal gland). Alarm pheromones are the most studied and well-known in the mite pheromones. Astigmatids is the most studied group of mites on pheromones. To date, alarm alarm pheromones are known from about 20 astigmatid species. Moreover, sex pheromones in about 20 species and aggregation pheromones in 7 species from astigmatic mites have been identified. Although limited, there are some studies about the pheromones in prostagmatid, mesostigmatid ve metastigmatid mite species too. On the other hand, whereas successful results have been obtained from the use of pheromones for various purposes (monitor, mass-trap, disrupt the mating process etc.) against many insect pests, such studies have been limited in mites. For the first time, sexual pheromone of V. destructor was used for disrupting the mating behaviour of the Varroa mite. The results represented a promising road to the first biotechnical control method based on pheromones in mites. It has also been claimed that the aggregation pheromone (neryl formate) of Dermatophagoides farinae (Hughes) and D. pteronyssinus (Trouessart) (Astigmata: Pyroglyphidae) has the potential to be used as part of a novel lure-and-kill system for house dust mite control. Future studies can provide detection of pheromones of important mite species for plant protection and their potential for biotechnical control of economically important species.

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