Influence of acute serious haemorrhagic shock on erythrocyte glutathione and sodium-potassium contents

Çalışmanın amacı akut ciddi kan kaybında alyuvar glutatyon ve alyuvar sodium - potasyum seviyesini belirlemektir. Çalışmada 15 adet Sprague Dawley ırkı erkek yetişkin sıçan kullanılmıştır. Kanatma işlemi 10 dakikalık bir periyotta 100 g vücut ağırlığı başına 2.1 mi kan alınarak gerçekleştirildi. Kan örnekleri kanatmadan önce ve kanatmadan 1 saat sonra olmak üzere iki kez toplandı. Kanatma, hematokrit, alyuvar sayısı ve hemoglobin miktarında yaklaşık % 20, arterial kan basıncında yaklaşık % 60 ve kalp atım sayısında yaklaşık olarak % 46 artmaya neden oldu. İlginç olarak alyuvar glutatyon seviyesi, kanama öncesi ve kanama sonrasında değişiklik göstermedi. Ayrıca, kanama plazma ve alyuvar sodyum seviyelerini arttırırken plazma ve alyuvar potasyum seviyelerini düşürdü. Sonuçta, hemorajik şoktan dolayı reaktif oksijen türlerinin üretimi artabilir ve bu da azalan alyuvarlar glutatyon üretimini artırarak antioksidan savunmayı düzenlemeye ve oksidatif strese cevap vermeye çalışıyor olabilir. Ayrıca, ciddi kan kaybından kaynaklanan alyuvarlarda düşük potasyum seviyesi ile birlikte yüksek sodyum konsantrasyonu hücresel fonksiyonlarda defekte neden olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

şok, hematokrit, potasyum, kan basıncı, kanama, sıçan, sodyum, hemoglobin, hematoloji, glutatyon, alyuvar sayısı

Alyuvar glutatyon ve sodyum potasyum seviyelerine ciddi akut hemorajik şokun etkisi

The aim of the present study is to describe erythrocyte glutathione level and sodium - potassium contents at acute serious haemorrhage. The experiment was performed on adult male 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. Haemorrhage was performed by withdrawing a total volume of 2.1 ml of blood /100 g body weight over a period of 10 min. Blood was collected twice; before haemorrhage and 1 hour after haemorrhage. Haemorrhage caused approximately 20 % decrease in hematocrit, red blood cells count, amount of haemoglobin and about 60 % decrease in mean arterial pressure but 46 % increase in heart rate. Interestingly, erythrocyte glutathione value does not change in pre- and post-haemorrhage. Moreover, haemorrhage increased plasma and erythrocyte sodium values but decreased plasma and erythrocyte potassium values. In conclusion, due to hemorrhagic shock, increased production of reactive oxygen species is a feature of haemorrhagic shock and decreased erythrocytes by haemorrhage can respond to oxidative stress by upregulating antioxidant defence in terms of increased production of glutathione. Moreover, the observed high sodium concentrations associated with a potassium decrease in red blood cell can be defect in cellular function due to severe hemorrhagic shock.

Keywords:

shock, haematocrit, potassium, blood pressure, haemorrhage, rats, sodium, haemoglobin, haematology, glutathione, erythrocyte count,

PDF

___

1. SECHER NH, PAWELCZYK JA, LUDBROOK J. Blood Loss and Shock. Little, Brown and Company, USA, 1994.

2. ZAETS SB, BEREZINA TL, XU DZ, LU Q, COHEN D, DEITCH E A, MACHIEDO GW. Female sex hormones protect red blood cells from damage after trauma-hemorrhagic shock. Surgical Infection, 2004;5:51-9.

3. WANG JY, WANG H, PANG ZQ. An experimental study on the mechanism of impairment of cell membrane during hemorrhagic shock in dogs. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi., 1992; 31: 98-101.

4. ALTAVILLA D, SAITTA A, GUARINI S, GALEANO M, SQUADRITO G, SANTAMARIA LB, VENUTI FS, BAZZANI C, BERTOLINI A, SQUADRITO F. Nuclear factor-kappaB as a target of cyclosporin in acute hypovolemic hemorrhagic shock. Cardiovasc Res., 2001; 52(1): 143-52.

5. YILMAZ MI, BAYKAL Y, KILIÇ M, SÖNMEZ A, BULUCU F, AYDIN A, SAYAL A, KOCAR IH. Effects of statins on oxidative stress. Biological trace element research, 2004; 98: 119-27.

6. KOSTOVA D, MICHNOVA E, LEGATH I, KRUPICER I. Intoxication by heavy metals in relation to the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenise of erythrocytes in sheep. Veterinary Medicine Czech, 1995; 40: 371-5.

7. OZCAN ME, GULEC M, OZEROL E, POLAT R, AKYOL O. Antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress in affective disorders. International clinical psychopharmacology, 2004; 19: 89-95

8. RAIASEKARAN NS, DEVARAI NS, DEVARAJ H. Modulation of rat erythrocyte antioxidant defense system by buthionine sulfoximine and its reversal by glutathione monoester therapy. BiochimicaetBiophysica Acta, 2004; 1688: 121-9.

9. CLEMENS MR, EINSELE H, WALLER HD. The fatty acid composition of red cells deficient in glu-cose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and their susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. Klinische Wochenschrift, 1985; 63: 578-82.

10. SIVONOVA M, WACZULIKOVA I, KILANCZYK E, HRNCIAROVA M, BRYSZEWSKA M, KLAINERT B, DURACKOVA Z. The effect of Pycnogenol on the erythrocyte membrane fluidity. General Physiology and Biophysics, 2004; 23: 39-51.

11. ILLNER HP, CUNNIGHAM JN IR, SHIRES GT. Red blood cell content and permeability changes in hemorrhagic shock. American Journal of Surgery, 1982; 143: 349-355.

12. DAY B, FRIEDMAN SM. Red cell sodium and potassium in hemorrhagic shock measured by lithium substitution analysis. The Journal of Trauma, 1980; 20: 52-54.

13. ULUS IH, ARSLAN BY, SAVCI V, KIRAN BK. Restoration of blood pressure by choline treatments in rats made hypotensive by hemorrhage. British Journal of Pharmacology, 1995; 116: 1911-17.

14. DRABKIN DL, AUSTIN JH. Spectrophotometric studies. A technique for the analysis of undiluted blood and concentrated hemoglobin solution. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1935; 112: 105-115.

15. GONZALEZ P, TUNON MJ, DIAZ M, VALLEJO M. Blood, plasma and erythrocyte sodium concentration of six Spanish cattle breeds. Anales de la Facultad de Veterinari de Leon, 1984; 30: 137-145.

16. TUNON MJ, GONZALEZ P, VALLEJO M. Erythrocyte potassium polymorphism in 14 Spanish goat breeds. Animal Genetics, 1987; 18: 371-5.

17. BEUTLER E, SAVAGE TF, KELLY BM. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 1963;61:882-8.

18. PIAO JH, ZHANG L, ZHANG H, GAO TH, LI XH. Experimental studies on antianimia effect of shengxuesu. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi, 2003; 28: 544-7.

19. GUARINI S, BAZZANI C, RICIGLIANO GM, BINI A, TOMASI A, BERTOLINI A. Influence of ACTH-(l-24) on free radical levels in the blood of haemorrhage-shocked rats: direct ex vivo detection by electron spin resonance spectrometry. British Journal of Pharmacology, 1996; 119: 29-34.

20. IQBAL MP, ISHAQ M, MEHBOOBALI N. Increased level of erythrocyet glutathione in acute myocardial infarction: an antioxidant defence. Journal of The Pakistan Medical Association, 2004; 54: 254-8.

21. STEINBERG JG, FAUCHER M, GUILLOT C, KIPSON N, BADIER M, JAMES Y. Depressed fatigue-induced oxidative stres in chronic hypoxemic humans and rats. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 2004; 141: 179-89.

22. STEPHENSON RB. Capillaries and fluid exchange. In: CUNNINGHAM JG. (ed.): Textbook of Veterinary Physiology, 3' edition. Elsevier Press, USA, 181-191,2002.