M. Kazım BÖRKÜ, Yunusemre ÖZKANLAR, Mehmet GÜRKAN, Serkal GAZYAĞCI, BAŞAK HANEDAN

Xylazine ile sedasyon oluşturulan köpeklerde xylazine antagonisti yohimbine' in etkinliğinin araştırılması

Bir $\alpha_2$ adrenoreseptör agonisti olan xylazine köpeklerde üretral kateterizasyon, lavaj, ultrasonografi, radyografi, tıraş, banyo ve şirurjikal girişimlerden önce preanestezik olarak yaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Xylazine özellikle yaşlı, çok küçük yapılı ve çeşitli metabolik hastalıkları olan köpeklerde kullanıldığında hipotansiyon ve aritmi yaparak ölümlere yol açabilmektedir. Bu nedenle köpekler üzerinde yapılan maniplasyon tamamlandıktan hemen sonra yada maniplasyon tamamlanmadan köpeğin xylazine'in etkisinden çıkartılması gerekmektedir. Yohimbine, $\alpha_2$ adrenoreseptörleri bloke ederek, xylazine'in etkilerini ortadan kaldıran bir xylazine antagonistidir. Bu çalışma; yohimbine'in xylazine antidotu olarak etkinliğinin gözlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın materyallerini, farklı cinsiyette 24 adet melez köpek oluşturdu. Köpekler altışarlı dört gruba ayrıldılar. Bu gruplardan üçü deneme, biri kontrol olarak kullanıldı. Bütün köpeklere 2,2 mg/kg dozda intramuskuler (i.m.) xylazine enjekte edildi. Xylazine enjeksiyonundan hemen önce, hemen sonra ve 75. dakikaya kadar, 15 dakika aralıklarla köpeklerin pulzasyon, respirasyon ve beden ısıları belirlendi. Xylazine enjeksiyonundan sonra birinci gruptaki köpeklere 15, ikinci gruptakilere 30, üçüncü gruptakilere 60 dakika sonra 0,11 mg/kg dozda intravenöz (i.v.) yohimbine uygulanırken kontrol grubundakilere yohimbine uygulanmadı. Yohimbine verilen ve verilmeyenlerde uyanma ve ayağa kalkma süreleri belirlendi. Yohimbine enjekte edilen köpeklerde uyanma ve ayağa kalkma süreleri sırasıyla I. grupta; 92±22,59, 116.33±29,65, II. grupta; 109±4,56, 136,5+15,28, III. grupta; 55±8,49, 91,66+12,11 saniye, kontrol grubunda; 76,7±9,02, 92,50±8,22 dakika olarak belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, yohimbine'in xylazine'le oluşturulan sedasyonun sonlandırılmasında yan etkileri çok az olan bir antagonist olduğu, xylazine ile sedasyona girmiş köpeklerin yohimbine uygulandığında herhangi bir komplikasyon oluşmadan sedasyondan çıkarak ayağa kalkıp yürüdükleri gözlendi.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

ksilazin, anestetikler, köpek, anestezi öncesi medikasyon, anestezi, ağrı kesiciler, antagonistler, alfa-adrenerjik reseptörler, yan etkiler, farmakodinamik, yohimbin

Antagonism of xylazine induced sedation in dogs by administration of yohimbine

Xylazine, $\alpha_2$ adrenoreceptor agonist, is commonly used as preanesthetic in urethral catheterization, lavage, ultrasonography, radiography, and shaving and before surgical operation in dogs. Administration of xylazine may result in death causing by hypotension and arrythmia especially in dogs with older aged, very small sized and various metabolic diseases. Thus, the effects of xylazine on the dog have to be removed following the manipulation or before the end of manipulation. Yohimbine is a xylazine antagonist that removes the effects of xylazine by blocking $\alpha_2$ adrenoreceptors. The present study was performed to observe the efficacy of yohimbine as xylazine antidote. Twenty four cross-bred dogs from both sexes were included in the present study. Dogs were divided into four groups and each group had six dogs. Of these groups, three were used as working group and one as placebo (control) group. Xylazine, 2.2 mg/kg i.m., was injected to all dogs. Rectal temperature, and respiratory and pulsation were recorded before and after xylazine injection with L5 minutes interval until 75lh minute. After xylazine injection, 0.11 mg/kg i.v. yohimbine were administered 15 minutes later in dogs for group I, 30 minutes later for group II, 60 minutes later for group III. The dogs in control group were not received yohimbine. After yohimbine administration, awakening and standing time were observed in the dogs. The awakening and walking time in dogs receiving yohimbine was detected as 92±22.59; 116.33+29.65 in group I, 109+4.56; 136.5+15.28 in group II, 55±8.49; 91.66+12.11 seconds in group III, 76.67+9.02; 92.50±8.22 minutes in control group. In conclusion, yohimbine is an antagonist which can terminate the sedation induced by xylazine with very few side effect and dogs in sedation of xylazine return to normal and able to walk by yohimbine administration in a short time.

Keywords:

xylazine, anaesthetics, dogs, preanaesthetic medication, anaesthesia, analgesics, antagonists, alpha-adrenergic receptors, adverse effects, pharmacodynamics, yohimbine,

PDF

___

1. Cronin MF, Booth NH, Hatch RC, Brown J. Acepromazine-xylazine combination in dogs: Antagonism with 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1982; 44: 2037-2042.

2. Cullen MC. Xylazine and medetomidine in small animals: these drugs should be used carefully. Aust. Vet. J., 1999; 77: 722-723.

3. Day TK, Mulr WW. a-Adrenerjik receptor agonist effects on supraventricular and ventricular automaticity in dogs with complete atrioventricular block. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1993; 54: 136-141.

4. Green SA, Thurman JC. Xylazine -a review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 1988; 11: 295-113.

5. Booth NH. Nonnarcotic analgesics. In: BOOTH NH, McDONALD LE, eds. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Ames: Iowa State University Press. 329-359,1988.

6. Hatch RC, Clark JD, Booth NH. Comparison of five preanesthetic medicaments in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs: Antagonism by 4-aminopyridine, yohimbine, and naloxane. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1983; 44: 2312-2319.

7. Hatch RC, Kitzman JV, Zahner JM, Clark DC. Antagonism of xylazine sedation in dogs with yohimbine, 4-aminopyridine, and doxapram. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1985; 46: 371-375.

8. Hatch RC, Booth NH, Clark JD. Antagonism of xylazine sedation in dogs by 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1982; 43: 1009-1014.

9. Hsu, W.H. Effect of yohimbine on xylazine -induced central nervous system depression in dogs. J.A.V.M.A., 1983; 182: 698-699.

10. Hsu WH. Xylazine-pentobarbital anesthesia in dogs and antagonism by yohimbine. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1985; 46: 852-855.

11. Hsu WH, Bellin SI, Dellmann HD, Hanson CE. Xylazine- ketamine-induced anesthesia in rats and its antagonism by yohimbine. J.A.V.M.A., 1986; 189: 1040-1043.

12. Ilback NG, Stalhandske T. Cardiovascular effects of xylazine recorded with telemetry in the dog. J. Vet. Med. A., 2003; 50: 479-483.

13. JARVIS N, ENGLAND GCW. Reversal of xylazine sedation in dogs. Vet. Rec, 1991; 128: 323-325.

14. Kitzman J, Wilson RC, Hatch RC, Booth NH. Antagonism of xylazine and ketamine anesthesia by 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine in geldings. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1984; 45: 875-879.

15. Klide AM, Calderwood HW, Soma R. Cardiopulmonary efefcts of xylazine in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1975;36:931-935.

16. Komulainen A, Olson ME. Antagonism of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in rats by administration of yohimbine, tolazoline, or 4-aminopyridine. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1991; 52: 585-588.

17. Kurtdede A, Börkü MK, Gürkan M. Xylazine hydrochloride (Rompun) ve Ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar) uygulanan koyunlarda bazı klinik gözlemler. L.H.A.E.D., 1988; 28: 42-50.

18. Paddleford RR, Harvey RC. Alpha2 agonists and antagonists. Vet. Clin. North. Am., 1999; 29: 737-745.

19. Rand JS, Reynolds WT, Priest J. Echocardiographic evaluation of the effects of medetomidine and xylazine in dogs. Aust. Vet. J., 1996;73:41-44.

20. Wallner BM, Hatch RC, Booth NH. Complete immobility produced in dogs by xylazine-atropine : antagonism 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1982; 43: 2259-2265.