The institutional basis of the socioeconomic situation of Turkey in the context of globalization

Küreselleşmenin sonuçlarının ve eğilimlerinin sıklıkla tartışıldığı bir çağda yaşamaktayız. Özellikle günümüzde yaşanan küresel ekonomik bunalım adı altında, küreselleşmenin temelini oluşturan ideolojik, kültürel ve kurumsal tutum ve davranışların geriye doğru eğilim gösterdiğini düşündüren söylemlere tanık olunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Kurumsal İktisat önem kazanmaktadır. Kurumsal İktisat’ın alet kutusundaki kimi kavramlar günümüzde küreselleşmenin durumunu daha anlaşılır kılmaktadır. Kurumlar; küresel süreçlerden etkilenen Türkiye’nin sosyo-ekonomik durumu bakımından da önemlidir. Türkiye pek çok yönde küreselleşme süreci deneyiminden geçmektedir. Ancak, küreselleşme sürecinde Türkiye’de, sınırlı rasyonellik bağlamında, işbirliği, yetinmecilik, kolektif çalışma, aile firmaları, dinsel topluluklar gibi kimi kültürel ve kurumsal özellikler, paradoksal bir toplumsal yapıya neden olmaktadır. Bu bakımdan, Türkiye’de, kapitalist kültürün ışığında Neo-klasik (ya da neo-liberal) ekonomiden çok, özgün toplumsal yapının ışığında Kurumsal İktisat’a daha fazla önem verilmelidir.

Küreselleşme bağlamında Türkiye’nin sosyo-ekonomik durumunun kurumsal temeli

We live in an age in which the consequences and tendencies of globalization are frequently debated. We witness some discourses that denote that the ideological, cultural and institutional attitudes and behaviours underpinning globalization are now backtracking, especially in the title of “global economic crisis”. In this respect, Institutional Economics gains importance. Some concepts in the box of tools of Institutional Economics make more comprehensible the situation of globalization today. Institutions are also significant in terms of Turkish socio- economic situation that is affected by global processes. Turkey experiences the globalization process in many ways. However, some cultural and institutional features with regard to bounded rationality, like cooperation, satisfaction, collective work, family firms, religious communities, cause a paradoxical societal structure in Turkey in the context of globalization. In this context, in Turkey, Institutional Economics should be placed more importance in the light of authentic societal quintessence of Turkey, rather than Neo-classical (or neo- liberal) economics in the light of capitalist culture.

PDF

___

Albrow, Martin, (1996), The Global Age: State and Society Beyond Modernity, Polity Pres, Cambridge.

Carsrud, Alan, (2006), Using Family Firms to Make Turkey More Competitive: An Entrepreneurial Strategy, Kültür Üniversitesi, 2. Aile İşletmeleri Kongresi, (Second Congress on Family Firms), İstanbul, 14-15 Nisan (April) 2006, 22-31.

Çetin, Tamer, (2009), Kriz, Avrupalı İşçinin Yabancı Düşmanlığını Tetikledi (The Crisis Triggers Xenophobia off on European Workers), Referans Gazetesi (Newspaper), viewed on February 13, 2009, http://www.referansgazetesi.com/haber.aspx?HBR_KOD=116801.

Commons, John R., (1931), Institutional Economics, The American Economic Review, 21(4), 648-657.

Erkul, Ali. (2002), Eski Türkler’de Aile, (Family in the Archaic Turkish Societies) Yusuf Halaçoğlu (Ed.), Türkler Ansiklopedisi, Cilt:3, 97-122, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara.

Friedman, Thomas, (2000), Küreselleşmenin Geleceği: Lexus ve Zeytin Ağacı (Understanding Globalization: Lexus and the Olive Tree), Ceviren (Translator): E. Özsayar, Boyner Yayınları, İstanbul.

Giugliano, F., (2008), Hesaplı Ürünlerle Alışveriş (Shopping Economically), Cumhuriyet Gazetesi (Newspaper), Çeviren (Translator): A. Kayabal Zavaglia, viewed on September 8, 2008, http://garildi.cumhuriyet.com.tr/sayfa.cgi?w+30+/cumhuriyet/0809/08/w/c1 002.html.

Group of Twenty (G-20), London Summit, Leaders’ Statement, viewed on April 2, 2009, G-20 official website.

Güvenç, Bozkurt, (2007), Kültürün ABC’si (The Alphabet of Culture),Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.

Hardt, Michael and Negri, Antonio, (2000), Empire, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts.

Icahn, Carl, (2009), Capitalism Should Return to Its Roots, Wall Street Journal, viewed on February 7, 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123396742337359087.html.

İnce, Özdemir, (2006), Dinin Ekonomiye Alet Edilmesi (Economy Exploits Religion), Hürriyet Gazetesi (Newspaper), viewed on February 17, 2006, http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/haber.aspx?id=3947203&yazarid=72.

İnce, Özdemir, (2008), Sadaka Ekonomisi Ahlak Bozar (Economy Based on Charity Destroys Morality), Hürriyet Gazetesi (Newspaper), viewed on December 16, 2008, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/10576071.asp?yazarid=72&gid=61.

Kepenek, Yakup and Yentürk, Nurhan, (2005), Türkiye Ekonomisi (Turkish Economy), Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul.

Kuçuradi, Ioanna, (1997), Özgürlük, Kültür ve Ahlak Kavramları (The Concepts of Freedom, Culture and Morality), Türk Felsefesi Dizisi:1, Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.

Lewis, Leo, (2009), The Cuba Effect that Haunts the Car Industry, Times Online, viewed on January 6, 2009, http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/engineering/ article5456554.ece.

Meyer, John, et al., (1997), World Society and the Nation-State, The American Journal of Sociology, 103(1), 144-181.

Neale, Walter C., (1987), Institutions, Journal of Economic Issues, 21(3), 1177- 1206.

Newsweek, (2009), The Great Kebab Wars, viewed on February 7, 2009, http://www.newsweek.com/id/183700.

North, Douglas, (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, viewed on May 26, 2009, www.books.google.com.

North, Douglas, (1993), Economic Performance Through Time, Nobel Prize Lecture, viewed on March 18, 2008, http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ economics/laureates/1993/north-lecture.html#not.

Referans Gazetesi (Newspaper), (2009), Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Yaşam Memnuniyeti Araştırması (The Survey on Life Pleasure of the Turkish Statistical Institute), viewed on April 21, 2009, http://www.referansgazetesi.com/haber.aspx?HBR_KOD=121375.

Robertson, Roland and White, Kathleen, (2007), What Is Globalization?, George Ritzer (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Globalization, 54-66, Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom.

Robinson, William I., (2001), Social Theory and Globalization: The Rise of Transnational State, Theory and Society, 30, 157-200.

Robinson, William I., (2004), A Theory of Global Capitalism: Production, Class and State in a Transnational World, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland.

Robinson, William I., (2007), Theories of Globalization, George Ritzer (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Globalization, 125-143, Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom.

Rosier, Bernard, (1994), İktisadi Kriz Kuramları (Theories of Economic Crisis), Çeviren (Translator): Nurhan Yentürk, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.

Sak, Güven, (2009), Korumacılık Ne Zaman Meşru Bir Argüman Olur? (When Does Protectionism Become a Legitimate Argument?), Referans Gazetesi (Newspaper), viewed on February 10, 2009, http://www.referansgazetesi.com/haber.aspx?HBR_KOD=116555.

Sklair, Leslie, (1995), Sociology of the Global System, Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf, Great Britain.

Tamer, Meral, (2009), Küreselleşme Out, Korumacılık In, (Globalization Out, Protectionism In), Milliyet Gazetesi (Newspaper), viewed on February 5, 2009, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/Yazar.aspx?aType=YazarDetay&KategoriID=3 &ArticleID=1055669&ver=34.

Temelkuran, Ece, (2009), Abdestli Kapitalizm (Capitalism with Ritual Ablution), Milliyet Gazetesi (Newspaper), viewed on November 13, 2009, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/Yazar.aspx?aType=YazarDetay&KategoriID=2 4&ArticleID=1161258&ver=39

Tezel, Yahya Sezai, (2002), Cumhuriyet Döneminin İktisadi Tarihi (Economic History of The Republic), Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, Istanbul.

The Australian (Newspaper), (2009), $5bn of annual exports at risk, viewed on January 23, 2009, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/news/bn- worth-of-exports-at-risk-rudd/story-e6frg90f-1111118641441.

Tomlinson, John, (2004), Küreselleşme ve Kültür (Globalization and Culture), Çeviren (Translator): A. Eker, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.

Ülken, Yüksel, (1981), Atatürk ve İktisat (Ataturk and the Economy), Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, Ankara.

Yelkikalan, Nalan and Aydın, Erdal, (2004), Aile İşletmelerinde İlk Kuşak Girişimcilerin Örgüt Kültüründeki Belirleyicilikleri, (The Descriptiveness of First Generation Entrepreneurs on the Organizational Culture in Family Firms) Kültür Üniversitesi, 1. Aile İşletmeleri Kongresi (First Congress on Family Firms), İstanbul, 17-18 Nisan (April) 2004, 333-344.

Yılmaz, Feridun, (2002), Piyasa-Firma Ayrımı Çerçevesinde Firma Teorisi (Firm Theory in the Framework of the Distinction between Market and Firm), Gazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Ankara, 2002-1, 67-82.