Tarımsal Biyoteknolojide Mobil Genetik Elementlerin Moleküler Markör Olarak Kullanılması

Moleküler markör tekniklerinin temeli, melezleme veya polimeraz zincir reaksiyonuna (PZR) dayanır. Farklı stratejilerin bir kombinasyonu olarak yeni ve ileri teknikler geliştirilmiştir; örneğin cDNA’lar, spesifik dizilerin enzim kesimi veya kullanımı, ifade edilmiş dizi etiketleri (EST’ler), mikrosatellitler, retrotranspozonlar olarak sıralanabilir. Retrotranspozonlar bir tür (Sınıf I) transpoze olabilen (genomda farklı yerlere entegre olabilen) elementlerdir. Transpozon elementleri (TE) bitkilerde fiziksel olarak genomun önemli bir kısmını oluştururlar. Retrotranspozonlar aynı zamanda, amplifikasyon mekanizmaları ve dizilim karakteristikleri nedeniyle moleküler markör teknikleri geliştirmek için de oldukça ideal genetik elementlerdir. Bunlardan bazıları; Retrotranspozon-Arası Çoğaltılmış Polimorfizm, Retrotranspozon-Mikrosatellit Çoğaltılmış Polimorfizm, Primer Bağlanma Yeri Arası Çoğaltım, Dizilim-Spesifik Çoğaltım Polimorfizmi, Retrotranspozon Temelli İnsertion Polimorfizmi, SINE-Arası Çoğaltılan Polimorfizm, RAPD-Retrotranspozon Çoğaltılan Polimorfizm, Ters Dizilim Etiketli Tekrarlar, MITE-Arası Polimorfizm ve Transpoze Olabilen Gösterim bulunmaktadır. Bu metotlar farklı tarımsal ıslah amaçları için yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bunlardan bazıları genetik çeşitliliğin, genetik bağlantının belirlenmesi, genom haritalaması, DNA parmak izi analizi, filogenetik, somaklonal varyasyon çalışmaları, transgenik araştırmaları, gelişim biyolojisi ve mutagenesis çalışmalarında kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, farklı retrotranspozon-temelli markör tiplerinin tarımsal biyoteknolojide genel kullanım alanlarından ve potansiyel uygulamalarından bahsedilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

biyo markör, bitki, biyoteknoloji, Transpozon, ıslah

The Use of Mobile Genetic Elements as Molecular Marker in Agricultural Biotechnology

The basis of molecular marker techniques are based on hybridization or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). New and improved techniques have been developed as a combination of different strategies such as; cDNAs, enzyme digestion or the utilization of specific sequences; e.g. expressed sequence tags, microsatellites, and retrotransposons. Retrotransposons are a class (Class I) of transposable elements. Transposon elements physically form an important part of the genome in plants. Retrotransposons are also an ideal target for developing molecular marker techniques because of their amplification mechanism and sequence characteristics. Some of these are; Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism, Retrotransposon-Microsatellite Amplified Polymorphism, Inter Primer Binding Site Amplification, Sequence-Specific Amplification Polymorphism, Retrotransposon Based Insertion Polymorphism, Inter Sine Amplified Polymorphism, RAPDRetrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism, Inverse Sequence Tagged Repeats, Inter-MITE Polymorphism and Transposable display. These methods are used widely for different breeding purposes. Some of those are used in determination of genetic diversity, genetic linkage, genome mapping, DNA fingerprint analysis, phylogenetics, somaclonal variation studies, transgenic research, developmental biology, and mutagenesis studies. In this article, the common uses and potential applications of different retrotransposon-based marker types in agricultural biotechnology will be discussed.

Keywords:

Transposon, biomarker, plant, biotechnology, breeding,

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