GRANİKOS VADİSİNDE BİR BİZANS KALESİ: SAPAN HİSAR

Granikos (Biga Çayı) Vadisi Çanakkale Boğazı'nın orta bölümüne ulaşan Rhodius (Sarıçay) Vadisi ile bağlantı kurarak Kyzikos (Kapıdağ Yarımadası) önlerine kadar ulaşılmasını sağlayan doğal bir yol oluşturur. Bu çalışmada Granikos Vadisindeki Kocayayla köyünde yeralan Bizans kalesinde tespit ettiğimiz arkeolojik verilerin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kale, doğu-batı yönünde yaklaşık 10 km uzanan, Osmanlı döneminde Karadağ ismini almış olan yaklaşık 720 m yüksekliğindeki antik Marceus dağlarının doğu ucunda, yaklaşık 520 m kotta yeralır. Kalenin üzerinde yeraldığı tepenin kuzeydoğu ve kuzeybatısı daha az eğime sahiptir. Kale arazinin topografyasına göre biçimlendirilmiş iki bölümlü bir plana sahiptir. İlk bölüm yaklaşık yuvarlak bir plan gösterir. Bu planı oluşturan duvarların toplam uzunluğu yaklaşık 435m'dir. Duvarlar tepenin kuzeydoğusunda yaklaşık 514-510 m kotlar arasında uzanır. Bu duvarda dörtgen planlı üç kule bulunur. Kalenin ikinci bölümü kuzeydoğu köşede yer alan kule ile batıdaki kayalık bölümün arasını kapatan bir duvar ve bu kayalık alandan güneybatı kuleye uzanan bir duvardan oluşur. Tepenin güneydoğu ve güneybatı tarafı savunmaya elverişli olarak oldukça diktir. Kale planlanırken topografyanın bu özelliğinden faydalanılmıştır. Daha az eğimli olan kuzeydoğu ve kuzeybatısındaki duvarların önüne ise bir hendek açılarak savunma güçlendirilmiştir. Bizans kalelerinde savunmayı güçlendirmek için başvurulan savunma hendekleri İstanbul surlarında kullanılmıştır. Başkent dışındaki pek çok savunma yapısında da kale hendeğine yer verildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Kalenin savunma hattını oluşturan kuleler iki farklı tip gösterir. Bunlardan ilki dörtgen planlı kulelerdir. Biri dışında tüm kulelerin bu tipte olduğu anlaşılır. Kulelerden biri ise apsidaldir. Hellenistik ve Roma dönemi kalelerinde kullanılmış olan apsidal kuleler 4.yüzyıla tarihlenen Euphrates'deki Pağnik öreninde görülebilir. İstanbul'da İmparator Theodosius dönemi surlarında dıştaki sur duvarında dörtgen ve apsidal kuleler dönüşümlü olarak tekrarlanır. 5-6. yüzyıllarda Suriye'deki Sergiopolis, Resafa ve Antioch'da apsidal kuleler kullanılmıştır. Kilikya'daki 7-8.yüzyıllara tarihlendirilen Lamas Kalesi ve Anavarza şehir surlarında dörtgen kuleler ile birlikte görülür. 10.yüzyılda Philippi kalesinde, yine dörtgen kulelerle birlikte kullanılmıştır. 10.yüzyıl sonuna tarihlenen Ohri kalesinde girişin iki yanındaki kuleler apsidaldir. Bizans döneminde yaygın biçimde kullanıldığı anlaşılan apsidal kuleler, erken Bizans döneminden itibaren kuzeybatıda Balkanlar ve Dalmaçya kıyılarından, güneydoğuda Suriye sınırına kadar geniş bir coğrafyada görülür. Özellikle 7-10.yüzyıllardaki Arap akınları sırasında inşa edilen kalelerde düzenli bir şekilde kullanılmış olduğu tespit edilir. Duvar örgüsünde farklı boyutlardaki moloz taşlar kullanılmıştır. Duvar örgüsünde kullanılan harç, taş ve tuğla kırıklı beyaz kireç harcıdır. Duvarların sağlamlığı ise harçlı moloz çekirdek ile sağlanmıştır. Bu çekirdekte iri moloz taşlar ile bol miktarda kireç harcı kullanılmıştır. Zaman zaman kırık tuğla parçaları da görülebilir. Çekirdek ile yüzeydeki örgü arasında ahşap hatılların kullanıldığı, özellikle güneybatıdaki 1 nolu kulede kaçak kazılar ile açılan duvar yüzeyindeki izlerden anlaşılır. Moloz taşlarla örülen duvarlar özellikle 78.yüzyıl kaleleri için tipiktir. Bu dönemdeki kalelerde moloz çekirdek ile duvar örgüsü arasındaki bağlantıyı sağlamak için genellikle devşirme blok taşların ya da sütunların kullanıldığı izlenir. 10.yüzyıl sonrasında, özellikle 11-12.yüzyıllarda ise bu amaçla ahşap hatıllar kullanılmaya başlar. Duvar kaplaması büyük ölçüde dökülmüş ve harçlı moloz çekirdeği ile günümüze ulaşan yapıda bir kazı veya temizlik çalışması yapılmadan değerlendirmelere göre kalenin plan özellikleri ve yapım tekniği orta Bizans döneminin sonlarına, 10-11.yüzyıllara işaret eder. Kalenin içerisinde özellikle kaçak kazı çukurlarında tespit edilebilen seramik ve pişmiş toprak çatı malzmeleri de orta ve geç Bizans dönemlerine aittir. Buluntular arasında 10-12. yüzyıllara ait iki farklı tipteki amphora kulp parçaları ile pişirme kaplarına ait ağız, gövde ve kaide parçaları yeralır

THE BYZANTINE CASTLE ON GRANICUS VALLEY: SAPAN HISAR

The Granicus (Biga Çayı) Valley makes a connection with the Rhodius (Sarıçay) Valley that reaches the middle section of the strait, thereby forming a natural road which provides access to the front parts of the Cyzicus. This region constituted one of our study areas in the hinterland of the strait. In the present study, it was aimed to evaluate the archaeological data we detected in the Byzantine castle in Kocayayla Village on the Granicus Valley. The castle is located at an altitude of about 520 m on the eastern margin of the ancient Mt. Marceus, at an elevation of approximately 720 m, which extends for about 10 km in the east - west direction and took the name Karadağ in the Ottoman period. The north-east and north-west of the hill where the castle is located slope less. There is a ditch in front of the walls in this part. Nevertheless, the south-eastern and south-western sides of the hill are steeper. The castle has a two-chamber plan formed according to the topography of the land. The first section shows a nearly round plan. The total length of the walls which constitute this plan is about 435 m. The walls extend at altitudes approximately between 514 and 510 m in the north-east of the hill. There are three towers with a quadrilateral plan on this wall. The second section of the castle is comprised of a wall which covers the space between the tower located at the north-eastern corner and the rocky section in the west and a wall extending to the south-western tower from this rocky area. The entrance of the castle was probably in the section where the rocky areas were located. The south-eastern and south-western sides of the hill are quite steep and therefore favorable for defense. This feature of the topography was utilized when planning the castle. On the other hand, defense was reinforced by opening a ditch in front of its less sloping north-eastern and north-western walls. The defensive ditches referred to reinforce defense in Byzantine castles were used in the ramparts of İstanbul. It is understood that castle ditches were included in many defensive structures apart from those in the capital city. *Bu makale Crosscheck sistemi tarafından taranmış ve bu sistem sonuçlarına göre orijinal bir makale olduğu tespit edilmiştir. ** Prof. Dr. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sanat Tarihi Bölümü, El-mek: ayseturker@comu.edu.tr 230 Ayşe ÇAYLAK TÜRKER Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 10/1 Winter 2015 The towers constituting the defensive line of the castle are of two different types. The first one is the towers with a quadrilateral plan. In addition, all towers except for one of them are understood to have been of this type. One of the towers is apsidal. The apsidal towers used in the castles of the Hellenistic and Roman periods can be seen in the ruins of Pağnik in the Euphrates, dated to the 4th century. In the ramparts of the era of Emperor Theodosius in İstanbul, quadrilateral and apsidal towers are repeated alternately on the outer city wall. Apsidal towers were used in Sergiopolis/Resafa, and Antioch in Syria in the 5th & 6th centuries. They are seen together with quadrilateral towers in the Castle of Lamas and on the city walls of Anavarza, dated to the 7th & 8th centuries, in Cilicia. They were again used with quadrilateral towers in the Castle of Philippi in the 10th century. The towers on both sides of the entrance are apsidal in the Ohrid Castle, dated to the late 10th century. The apsidal towers understood to have been used widely in the Byzantine period have been seen on a wide geographical area from the Balkans and the Dalmatian coasts in the north-west to the Syrian border in the south-east since the early Byzantine period. It is determined that they were regularly used in the castles constructed during the Arab raids particularly in the 7th through 10th centuries. Unhewn stones in different sizes were used in the masonry. The mortar used in the masonry is the white lime mortar with broken stones and bricks. The sturdiness of the walls was achieved by means of the mortared rubble core. Large unhewn stones and abundant lime mortar were used in this core. Broken brick fragments are also visible from time to time. From the traces on the wall surface opened with the illegal excavations in Tower 1 in the south-west in particular, it is understood that wooden beams were used between the core and the masonry on the surface. The walls built by using unhewn stones are particularly typical of the castles of the 7th & 8th centuries. It is observed that reused block stones or columns were generally used to provide the connection between the rubble core and the masonry in the castles of this period. On the other hand, wooden beams began to be used for this purpose after the 10th century, particularly in the 11th & 12th centuries. No final dating is possible before carrying out any excavation or cleaning work in the building with substantially shed wall covering that has survived up to the present with its mortared rubble core. Nevertheless, according to the preliminary evaluations, the plan characteristics and construction technique of the castle indicate the late middle Byzantine period, i.e. the 10th - 11th centuries. The pottery and terracotta roof materials that can be detected particularly in the illegal excavation pits in the castle also belong to the middle and late Byzantine periods. The finds include two different types of amphora handle shards and rim, wall and base shards of cooking pots belonging to the 10th through 12th centuries. Especially the glazed pottery items belonging to the late 12th century and the 13th century are numerous. Accordingly, it might be stated that the castle, displaying the architectural characteristics of the 10th & 11th centuries, was used in the middle and late Byzantine periods as of this date. The castle is located at the intersection of the natural roads which provide access to the Scamander Valley via the Bakacak Tributary in its north, the Kocabaş Tributary in its south, the Umurbey (Practius) The Byzantine Castle on Granicus Valley: Sapan Hisar 231 Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 10/1 Winter 2015 Tributary in its north-west, and the Sarıçay (Rhodius) and Kursak (Andirus) Tributaries in its south-west. This geographical location of the castle indicates its significance. Even though some architectural data of building in the castle can be detected, the quality of these buildings cannot be understood before carrying out an excavation. However, archaeological data indicating a big Byzantine settlement were detected during our surveys in the areas around the castle. The first study area was specified as the southeast of the hill where the castle was located. Some rows of stones likely to indicate the walls of a building were detected in this area. Nevertheless, no plan of the building could be found out as the majority of the walls were under soil. It might be envisaged that a church was probably present in the area called Kiliseyeri by the villagers. Pottery and terracotta building materials scattered over an extensive area were documented on the surface at moderate density. The pottery finds include considerable wall and base shards of unglazed bowls and cooking pots. Few glazed wall shards and mining cinders were detected. According to these data, it might be stated that there used to be a big Byzantine settlement in this area. The second study area is the cemetery area in the southwest of the castle. Tombs are seen in this area. Nevertheless, it was failed to perform a comprehensive study owing to the dense vegetation. Despite this, few terracotta tile and pottery shards indicating the Byzantine period can be detected on the surface. According to these data, the castle, located at an altitude of about 520 m on the eastern margin of the ancient Mt. Marceus, shows the characteristic features of the Byzantine defensive structures constructed for the sheltering and protection of the people in case of an attack.

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