Phylogenetic analysis of NS gene of avian infuenza viruses (H9N2) isolated from chicken in Iran during 2007 2011

To determine sequence characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of the nonstructural (NS) gene, the NS genes of 9 avianinfuenza (AI) viruses were sequenced and compared with other Iranian AI H9N2 viruses available in GenBank. Te similarity amongthe earliest Iranian H9N2 isolate (A/chicken/Iran/ZMT-101/1998) and recent (2007 2011) studied isolates was low (94%). Some of thestudied viruses revealed substitutions in RNA-binding and efector domains as well as antigenic regions of the NS protein. Recentlystudied isolates have a high similarity (97.4% 98.7%) with some Pakistani isolates (like A/chicken/Sawabi/NARC-2434/2006) in the NSgene. In the phylogenetic analysis, recently studied isolates composed a cluster separate from other Iranian isolates and were placed inthe neighborhood of some Pakistani isolates. Hence, new Iranian H9N2 isolates may originate from Pakistani isolates. Te NS proteinof the Iranian H9N2 isolates difered from that of the Iranian highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses. Te potential risk of the emergence of apandemic virus because of the reassortment of the internal genes between H9N2 viruses and highly pathogenic AI viruses on one handand the genetic and amino acid changes of AI viruses afecting their pathogenicity and immunogenicity on the other hand confrm theimportance of continued surveillance of AI viruses.

PDF

___

1. Alexander DJ. An overview of the epidemiology of avian infuenza. Vaccine 2007; 25: 56375644.
2. Yasuda J, Nakada S, Kato A, Toyoda T, Ishihama A. Molecular assembly of infuenza: association of the NS2 protein with virion matrix. Virology 1993; 196: 249255.
3. Nili H, Asasi K. Avian infuenza (H9N2) outbreak in Iran. Avian Dis 2003; 47: 828831.
4. Bano S, Naeem K, Malik SA. Evaluation of pathogenic potential of avian infuenza virus serotype H9N2 in chickens. Avian Dis 2003; 47: 817822.
5. Lamb RA, Chopin PW, Chanock RM, Lai CJ. Mapping of the two overlapping genes for polypeptides NS1 and NS2 on RNA segment 8 of infuenza virus genome. P Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 18571861.
6. Suarez DL, Perdue ML. Multiple alignment comparison of the non-structural genes of infuenza A viruses. Virus Res 1998; 54: 5969.
7. Lazarowitz SG, Compans RW, Choppin PW. Infuenza virus structural and nonstructural proteins in infected cells and their plasma membranes. Virology 1971; 46: 830843.
8. Tumpey TM, Alvarez R, Swayne DE, Suarez DL. Molecular assembly of infuenza virus: association of the NS2 protein with virion matrix. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 676683.
9. Panshin A, Golender N, Davidson I, Nagar S, Garsia M, Jackwood MW, Mundt E, Alturi A, Perk S. Variability of NS1 proteins among H9N2 avian infuenza viruses isolated in Israel during 20002006. Virus Gen 2010; 41: 396405.
10. Lin D, Lan J, Zhang Z. Structure and function of the NS1 protein of infuenza A virus. Acta Bioch Bioph Sinica 2007; 39: 155162.
11. Yin C, Khan JA, Swapna GVT, Ertekin A, Krug RM, Tong L, Montelione GT. Conserved surface features from the double- stranded RNA binding site of non-structural protein 1 (NS1) from infuenza A and B viruses. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 20584 20595.
12. Hale BG, Randall RE, Ortin J, Jackson D. Te multifunctional NS1 protein of infuenza A viruses. J Gen Virol 2008; 89: 2359 2376.
13. Banet-Noach C, Panshin A, Golender N, Simanov L, Rozanblut E, Pokamunski S, Pirak M, Tendler Y, Garcia M, Gelman B et al. Genetic analysis of nonstructural genes (NS1 and NS2) of H9N2 and H5N1 viruses recently isolated in Israel. Virus Genes 2007; 34: 157168.
14. Seo SH, Hofmann E, Webster RG. Lethal H5N1 infuenza viruses escape host anti-viral cytokine responses. Nat Med 2002; 8: 950954.
15. ONeill RE, Talon J, Palese P. Te infuenza virus NEP (NS2 protein) mediates the nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins. EMBO J 1998; 17: 288296.
16. Iqbal M, Yaqub T, Reddy K, McCauley JW. Novel genotypes of H9N2 infuenza A viruses isolated from poultry in Pakistan containing NS genes similar to highly pathogenic H7N3 and H5N1 viruses. PLOS One 2009; 5: e5788.
17. Shortridge KF, Butterfeld WK, Webster RG, Campbell CH. Isolation and characterization of infuenza A viruses from avian species in Hong Kong. Bull WHO 1977; 55: 1520.
18. Noroozian H, Vasf Marandi M, Razazian M. Detection of avian infuenza virus of H9 subtype in the faeces of experimentally and naturally infected chickens by reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction. Acta Vet Brno 2007; 76: 405413.
19. Cameron KR, Gregory V, Banks J, Brown IH, Alexander DJ, Hay AJ, Lin YP. H9N2 subtype infuenza A viruses in poultry in Pakistan are closely related to the H9N2 viruses responsible for human infection in Hong Kong. Virology 2000; 278: 3641.
20. Hofmann E, Stech J, Guan Y, Webster RG, Perez DR. Universal primer set for the full-length amplifcation of all infuenza A viruses. Arch Virol 2001; 146: 22752289.
21. Talazadeh F, Mayahi M, Seif M, Pourmehdi M. Survey on ELISA based on anti infuenza A NS1 antibodies to diferentiate the infected and vaccinated poultries. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013; 6: e7055.
22. Golender N, Panshin A, Banet-Noach C, Nagar S, Pokamunski S, Pirak M, Tendler Y, Davidson I, Garcia M, Perk S. Genetic characterization of avian infuenza viruses isolated in Israel during 20002006. Virus Gen 2008; 37: 289297.
23. Noah DL, Twu KY, Krug RM. Cellular antiviral responses against infuenza A virus are countered at the post- transcriptional level by the viral NS1A protein via its binding to a cellular protein required for the 3 end processing of cellular pre-mRNAs. Virol 2003; 307: 386395.
24. Twu KY, Noah DL, Rao P, Kuo R-L, Krug RM. Te CPSF30 binding site on the NS1A protein of infuenza A virus is a potential antiviral target. J Virol 80: 39573965.
25. Obenauer JC, Denson J, Mehta PK, Su X, Mukatira S, Finkelstein DB, Xu X, Wang J, Ma J, Fan Y et al. Large-scale sequence analysis of avian infuenza isolates. Science 2006; 311: 15761580.
26. Zohari S, Gyarmati P, Ejdersund A, Berglöf U, Torén P, Ehrenberg M, Czifra G, Belák S, Waldenström J, Olsen B et al. Phylogenetic analysis of the nonstructural (NS) gene of infuenza A viruses isolated from mallards in Northern Europe in 2005. Virol J 2008; 5: 147.
27. Jackson D, Hossain M J, Hickman D, Perez DR, Lamb RA. A new infuenza virus virulence determinant: the NS1 protein four C-terminal residues modulate pathogenicity. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 43814386.
28. Monne I, Fusaro A, Al-Blowi MH, Ismail NM, Khan OA, Dauphin G, Tripodi A, Salviato A, Marangon S, Capua I et al. Cocirculation of two sublineages of HPAI H5N1 virus in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with unique molecular signatures suggesting separate introductions into the commercial poultry and falconry sectors. J Gen Virol 2008; 89: 26912697.
29. Hackett CJ, Horowitz D, Wysocka M, Dillon SB. Infuenza virus infection elicits class II major histocompatibility complex- restricted T cells specifc for an epitope identifed in the NS1 non-structural protein. J Gen Virol 1992; 73: 13391343.
30. Jameson J, Cruz J, Ennis FA. Human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte repertoire to infuenza A viruses J Virol 1998; 72: 86828689.
31. Tan Z, Akerstrom S, Wee BY, Lal SK, Mirazimi A, Tan YJ. A new panel of NS1 antibodies for easy detection and titration of infuenza A virus. J Med Virol 2010; 82: 467475.
32. Norouzian H, Gholami SJ, Vasf-Marandi M. Phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 avian infuenza viruses isolated from chicken in Iran in 2010-2011: emerging of a new subgroup. Iranian J Virol 2012; 6: 1826.