Sankarappan ANBALAGAN, Vimalanathan ARUN PRASANNA, Mani KANNAN, Muthukalingan KRISHNAN

The midgut bacterial flora of the hard tick Hyalomma anatolicum (Acari: Ixodidae) from South India as determined by molecular analyses

The midgut bacterial flora of post-blood meal and starved or digested blood meal of hard ticks (Hyalomma anatolicum) from goats were analyzed using BOX PCR, ERIC PCR and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. BOX PCR and ERIC PCR showed dissimilar band patterns between microbial isolates from the midgut of the ticks. In total, 9 bacterial species belonging to 2 genera (Bacillus and Staphylococcus) were identified in the midgut of both types (post-blood meal and digested blood meal) of tick by using 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The majority of the midgut bacterial species were Staphylococcus sp. (90%) and there was a high frequency of 3 species of Staphylococcus (S. chromogenes, S. epidermidis, and S. gallinarum). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA gene sequences showed that all midgut isolates were monophyletic and showed high-frequency relationships with S. chromogenes and S. epidermidis. Further study is needed to understand the relationship between midgut bacterial community and tick-pathogen interaction.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Midgut bacterial flora, Hyalomma anatolicum, 16S rDNA, molecular analysis

The midgut bacterial flora of the hard tick Hyalomma anatolicum (Acari: Ixodidae) from South India as determined by molecular analyses

Keywords:

Midgut bacterial flora, Hyalomma anatolicum, 16S rDNA, molecular analysis,

PDF

___

Shyma KP, Kumar S, Sharma AK, Ray DD, Ghosh S. Acaricide resistance status in Indian isolates of Hyalomma anatolicum. Exp Appl Acarol 2012; 58: 471–481.
Belozerov VN, Naumov RL. Nymphal diapause and its photoperiodic control in the tick Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). Folia Parasitol 2002; 49: 314–318.
Brown CGD. Dynamics and impact of tick-borne diseases of cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 1997; 29: 1S–3S. 7. Welburn SC, Maudlin I. Tsetse-trypanosome interactions: rites of passage. Parasitol Today 1999; 15: 399–403.
Sanchez-Contreras M, Vlisidou I. The diversity of insect- bacteria interactions and its applications for disease control. Biotechnol Genet Engineer Rev 2008; 25: 203–244.
Noda H, Munderloh UG, Kurtti TJ. Endosymbionts of ticks and their relationship to Wolbachia spp. and tick-borne pathogens of humans and animals. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63: 3926–3932.
Miller WJ, Ehrman L, Schneider D. Infectious speciation revisited: impact of symbiont-depletion on female fitness and mating behavior of Drosophila paulistorum. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6: 1–17.
Kikuchi Y, Hayatsu M, Hosokawa T, Nagayama A, Tago K, Fukatsu T. Symbiont-mediated insecticide resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109: 8618–8622.
Ferrari J, Vavre F. Bacterial symbionts in insects or the story of communities affecting communities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366: 1389–400.
Murrel A, Dobson SJ, Yang X, Lacey E, Barker SC. A survey of bacterial diversity in ticks, lice and fleas from Australia. Parasitol Res 2003; 89: 326–334.
Holt JG. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD, USA: Williams and Wilkins; 1994.
Moore E, Arnscheidt A, Kruger A, Strompl C, Mau M. SimpliŞed protocols for the preparation of genomic DNA from bacterial cultures. In: Kowalchuk G, De Bruijn FJ, Head I, Akkermans ADL, van Elsas JD, editors. Molecular Microbial Ecology Manual. 2nd ed. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer; 2004. pp. 3–18.
Edgar RC. MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32: 1792–1797.
Gascuel O. BIONJ: An improved version of the NJ algorithm based on a simple model of sequence data. Mol Biol Evol 1997; 14: 685–695.
Felsenstein J. PHYLIP - Phylogeny Inference Package (Version 3.2). Cladistics 1989; 5: 164–166.
Li CH, Cao J, Zhou YZ, Zhang HS, Gong HY, Zhou JL. The midgut bacterial flora of laboratory-reared hard ticks, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Hyalomma asiaticum, and Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides. J Integrat Agricul 2014; 13: 1766–1771.
Demaio J, Pumpuni CB, Kent M, Beier JC. The midgut bacterial flora of wild Aedes triseriatus, Culex pipiens, and Psorophora columbiae mosquitoes. Amer J Trop Med Hyg 1996; 54: 219– 223.
Apperson C, Engber, B, Waldvogel, M. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in North Carolina. Raleigh, NC, USA: North Carolina State University Department of Entomology; 2009.
Andreotti R, Perez de Leon AA, Dowd SE, Guerrero FD, Bendele KG, Scoles GA. Assessment of bacterial diversity in the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus through tag- encoded pyrosequencing. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11: 1–11.
Amoo AO, Dipeolu OO, Akinboade AO, Adeyemi A. Bacterial isolation from and transmission by Boophilus decoloratus and Boophilus geigyi. Folia Parasitol 1987; 34: 69–74.
Devriese LA, Baele M, Vaneechoutte M, Martel A, Haesebrouk F. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus chromogenes isolates from intramammary infections of dairy cows. Vet Microbiol 2002; 87: 175–182.
Andresen LO, Ahrens P, Daugaard L, Bille-Hansen V. Exudative epidermitis in pigs caused by toxigenic Staphylococcus chromogenes. Vet Microbiol 2005; 105: 291–300.
Cheung GYC, Otto M. Understanding the significance of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia in babies and children. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010; 23: 208–216.
Kolawole DO, Shittu AO. Unusual recovery of animal staphylococci from septic wounds of hospital patients in Ile- Ife, Nigeria. Letters in Applied Microbiology 1997; 24: 87–90.
Harwood CR. Bacillus subtilis and its relatives: molecular biological and industrial workhorses. Trends Biotechnol 1992; 10: 247–256.
Jin LZ, Ho YW, Abdullah N, Jaluludin S. Influence of dried Bacillus subtilis and lactobacilli cultures on intestinal microflora and performance in broilers. Asian-Australian J Anim Sci 1996; 9: 397–403.
Rymaszewska A. Symbiotic bacteria in oocyte and ovarian cell mitochondria of the tick Ixodes ricinus: biology and phylogenetic position. Parasitol Res 2007; 100: 917–920.