Tatiana KUCHMENKO, Vladimir SAFONOV, Sergey SHABUNIN, Anton CHERNITSKIY

On-farm diagnosis of latent respiratory failure in calves

The goal of this study was to develop a method for the diagnosis of latent respiratory failure in calves with bovine respiratorydisease (BRD) in farm conditions. The study involved 48 calves of the red-motley Holstein breed aged 14–28 days, with no previouslyexperienced BRD, no dyspnea at rest, and a lack of anemia. Group I consisted of 24 calves with spontaneous or induced cough and WIclinical score of ≥5. Group II included 24 calves without spontaneous and induced cough and WI clinical score of ≤3. The determinationof respiratory rate (RR), respiratory minute volume, and tidal volume in all calves was performed before and after functional exertionwith a 15-min run and 30-s apnea. Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein before 30-s apnea, then immediately after, andfinally 1 min after apnea; blood gases and acid-base status were analyzed on an ABL-330, while total hemoglobin content was analyzedon a Micros-60. Tachypnea and dyspnea appeared after the 15-min run in group I calves, lasting 7.2 ± 0.4 and 3.7 ± 0.2 min. In groupII calves, tachypnea lasted 3.8 ± 0.2 min, and no dyspnea occurred. Within 1 min, hypoxemia and hypercapnia caused by 30-s apneain group II calves were compensated for due to an increase in pulmonary ventilation; in group I calves it was compensated for withinmore than 1 min, with presence of shallow breathing and dyspnea. The relation of RR immediately after 30-s apnea to RR before apneashowed excellent diagnostic value for detecting latent respiratory failure in the calves: area under the curve was 0.981, with cut-off pointof ≥1.47, sensitivity of 95.8%, and specificity of 87.5%.

PDF

___

1. Poulsen KP, McGuirk SM. Respiratory disease of the bovine neonate. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 2009; 25 (1): 121-137. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.007
2. Neibergs HL, Seabury CM, Wojtowicz AJ, Wang Z, Scraggs E et al. Susceptibility loci revealed for bovine respiratory disease complex in pre-weaned Holstein calves. BMC Genomics 2014; 15: 1164. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1164
3. Shabunin SV, Shakhov AG, Chernitskiy AE, Zolotarev AI, Retsky MI. Respiratory diseases of calves: a modern approach to the problem. Veterinariya 2015; 5: 3-13 (in Russian with an abstract in English).
4. Panciera RJ, Confer AW. Pathogenesis and pathology of bovine pneumonia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 2010; 26 (2): 191-214. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.04.001
5. Love WJ, Lehenbauer TW, Kass PH, Van Eenennaam AL, Aly SS. Development of a novel clinical scoring system for on-farm diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned dairy calves. PeerJ – Journal of Life and Environmental Sciences 2014; 2: e238. doi: 10.7717/peerj.238
6. Abutarbush SM, Pollock CM, Wildman BK, Perrett T, Schunicht OC et al. Evaluation of the diagnostic and prognostic utility of ultrasonography at first diagnosis of presumptive bovine respiratory disease. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 2012; 76 (1): 23-32.
7. Buczinski S, Forté G, Francoz D, Bélanger AM. Comparison of thoracic auscultation, clinical score, and ultrasonography as indicators of bovine respiratory disease in preweaned dairy calves. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2014; 28 (1): 234-242. doi: 10.1111/jvim.12251
8. Reef VB, Boy MG, Reid CF, Elser A. Comparison between diagnostic ultrasonography and radiography in the evaluation of horses and cattle with thoracic disease: 56 cases (1984–1985). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1991; 198 (12): 2112-2118.
9. Kiorpes AL, Bisgard GE, Manohar M, Hernandez A. Pathophysiologic studies of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in the Holstein-Friesian calf. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1978; 39 (5): 779-783.
10. Desmecht DJ, Linden AS, Lekeux PM. The relation of ventilatory failure to pulmonary, respiratory muscle and central nervous system disturbances in calves with an experimentally produced pneumonia. Journal of Comparative Pathology 1996; 115 (3): 203-219. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9975(96)80079-X
11. Grippi MA. Pulmonary Pathophysiology. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1995.
12. Oana S, Mukherji J. Acute and chronic respiratory failure. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2014; 119: 273-288. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00019-9
13. Vo P, Kharasch VS. Respiratory failure. Pediatrics in Review 2014; 35 (11): 476-486. doi: 10.1542/pir.35-11-476
14. Mukhorlyamov YI, Agranovich AI. Organy dykhaniya. In: Kassirskiy IA (editor). Spravochnik po funktsional’noy diagnostike. 1st ed. Moscow, USSR: Meditsina; 1970. pp. 244- 287 (in Russian).
15. Roytberg GE, Strutynskiy AV. Vnutrennie bolezni. Sistema organov dykhaniya. 1st ed. Moscow, Russia: Binom; 2005 (in Russian).
16. Beard W. Upper respiratory causes of exercise intolerance. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 1996; 12 (3): 435-455. doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30266-3
17. Marr CM. Cardiac and respiratory disease in aged horses. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 2016; 32 (2): 283-300. doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2016.04.006
18. Snoz GV. Issledovanie dykhatel’noy sistemy. In: Voronin ES (editor). Klinicheskaya diagnostika s rentgenologiey. 1st ed. Moscow, Russia: Koloss; 2006. pp. 176-221 (in Russian).
19. Ostermann C, Linde S, Siegling-Vlitakis C, Reinhold P. Evaluation of pulmonary dysfunctions and acid-base imbalances induced by Chlamydia psittaci in a bovine model of respiratory infection. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 2014; 9: 10. doi: 10.1186/2049-6958-9-10
20. McGuirk SM. Disease management of dairy calves and heifers. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 2008; 24 (1): 139-153. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.003
21. Pruden EL, Siggaard-Andersen O, Tietz NW. Blood gases and pH. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER (editors). Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Saunders; 1994.
22. Davis MD, Walsh BK, Sittig SE, Restrepo RD. AARC clinical practice guideline: blood gas analysis and hemoximetry: 2013. Respiratory Care 2013; 58 (10): 1694-1703. doi: 10.4187/ respcare.02786
23. DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics 1988; 44 (3): 837-845. doi: 10.2307/2531595
24. Calderwood HW. Clinical application of blood gas analysis and pH measurements in veterinary practice. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 1972; 8: 444-447.
25. Eltze K, Selbitz HJ. Differential diagnosis, treatment and prevention of respiratory diseases of calves. Tierärztliche Umschau 1993; 48 (9): 581-587 (in German with an abstract in English).
26. Reinhold P, Födisch G. Lungenfunktionsdiagnostik bei gesunden und an Pneumonie erkrankten Kälbern. Monatshefte für Veterinärmedizin 1993; 48: 113-117 (in German).
27. Proulx J. Respiratory monitoring: arterial blood gas analysis, pulse oximetry, and end-tidal carbon dioxide analysis. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 1999; 14 (4): 227-230. doi: 10.1016/S1096-2867(99)80015-2
28. Reinhold P. Grundlagen und Besonderheiten der Lungenfunktion beim Rind. Tierärztliche Umschau 1997; 52 (9): 584-592 (in German).
29. Reinhold P, Höchel P. Pathophysiologische Reaktionen des pulmonalen Kreislaufsystems auf Atemwegs- und Lungenerkrankungen. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 2005; 118 (1-2): 52-56 (in German).
30. Šoltésová H, Nagy O, Tóthová C, Paulíková I, Seidel H. Blood gases, acid-base status and plasma lactate concentrations in calves with respiratory diseases. Acta Veterinaria 2015; 65 (1): 111-124. doi: 10.1515/acve-2015-0009
31. Collie DDS. Pulmonary function changes and clinical findings associated with chronic respiratory disease in calves. British Veterinary Journal 1992; 148 (1): 33-40. doi: 10.1016/0007- 1935(92)90064-8
32. Vestweber GE, Guffy M, Kelly B, Leipold HW. Chronic bronchopneumonia in cattle. Journal of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners 1977; 12: 55-62.
33. Lekeux P, Verhoeff J, Hajer R, Breukink HJ. Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in Friesian calves: physiological findings. Research in Veterinary Sciences 1985; 39 (3): 324- 327. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)31722-3
34. Verhoeff J, Wierda A, van Nieuwstadt AP, Buitelaar JW. Spontaneous bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections in calves: arterial blood gas, pH and bicarbonate values. The Veterinary Record 1985; 117 (9): 202-204. doi: 10.1136/ vr.117.9.202
35. Lekeux P, Hajer R, Breukink HJ. Longitudinal study of the effects of lungworm infection on bovine pulmonary function. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1985; 46 (6): 1392- 1395.
36. Slocombe RF, Derksen FJ, Robinson NE. Interactions of cold stress and Pasteurella haemolytica in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves: changes in pulmonary function. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1984; 45 (9): 1764-1770.
37. Alnoor SA, Slocombe RF, Derksen FJ, Robinson NE. Hemodynamic effects of acute pneumonia experimentally induced in newborn calves inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1986; 47 (6): 1382-1386.
38. Scholz H, Currle M, Fischer W. Untersuchungen zur Bronchopneumonie des Rindes. 2. Mitteilung: Endoskopische, Tracheobronchialsekret und Blutgasuntersuchungen. Tierärztl Umschau 1987; 42 (5): 371-378 (in German).
39. Ellis J, Waldner C, Gow S, Jackson M. Relationship of the extent of pulmonary lesions to the partial pressure of oxygen and the lactate concentration in arterial blood in calves experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 2013; 77 (3): 205-210.
40. Verhoeff J, Cruijsen AL, Kremer WD. Mismatching of ventilation and perfusion in calves with natural bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. The Veterinary Record 1988; 123 (5): 131-134. doi: 10.1136/vr.123.5.131
41. Schäfer M, Paentzer S, Uhling A. Klinische Formen der enzootischen Pneumonie bei Kälbern und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Atmung. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 1992; 99 (5): 200-204 (in German).
42. Lekeux P, Art T, Hamoir J, Gustin P. Pathophysiology of the respiratory tract. In: Dunlop RH, Malbert CH (editors). Veterinary Pathophysiology. 1st ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley- Blackwell; 2004. pp. 143-173.
43. Whitehair KJ, Haskins SC, Whitehair JG, Pascoe PJ. Clinical applications of quantitative acid-base chemistry. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1995; 9 (1): 1-11. doi: 10.1111/ j.1939-1676.1995.tb03265.x
44. Bleul U, Götz E. The effect of lactic acidosis on the generation and compensation of mixed respiratory-metabolic acidosis in neonatal calves. The Veterinary Record 2013; 172: 528. doi: 10.1136/vr.101192
45. Zolotarev AI, Chernitskiy AE, Retsky MI. Acid-base status and blood gas composition in calves with bronchitis. Veterinariya 2013; 7: 47-52 (in Russian with an abstract in English).