Murat KABAK, Sedef SELVİLER SİZER, Yonca Betil KABAK

Light and scanning electron microscopic examination of the Saanen goat heart

It is important to know the morphological structure of the heart, which is a vital organ of the body, in detail. For this reason, we aimed to examine the morphological structure of the Saanen goat heart using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A total of thirteen Saanen goat hearts were used in the study. To demonstrate the histological structure of the heart, samples taken from 9 hearts were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and blocked in paraffin after routine histological procedures. Histological staining was performed on the sections taken from the blocks. Four hearts were fixed in a 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution for electron microscopic examination. The samples taken were dehydrated with different concentrations of acetone, treated with osmium tetroxide, and critical point dried in accordance with SEM procedures. After being coated with gold/palladium (Au/Pd), samples were made ready for imaging under SEM. The general structure of the heart was determined in detail with histological and SEM examination. Although the structural findings of the Saanen goat heart were generally similar to findings in the literature, the shapes of the cells that formed the Purkinje fiber networks in SEM examination were different from other species. It is thought that the images obtained will help in studies of the morphological structure of the heart and in detecting pathological changes that may occur in the heart.

PDF

___

1. Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. 4th ed. Missouri, MO, USA: Elsevier; 2009.
2. Nickel RA, Schummer A, Seiferle E. The Anatomy of The Domestic Animals. 3th ed. Berlin, Hamburg: Verlag Paul Parey; 1981.
3. Wessels A, Sedmera D. Developmental anatomy of the heart: a tale of mice and man. Physiological Genomics 2003; 15 (3): 165-176. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00033.2003
4. Gálfiová P, Polák Š, Mikušová R, Gažová A, Kosnáč D et al. The three-dimensional fine structure of the human heart: a scanning electron microscopic atlas for research and education. Biologia 2017; 72 (12): 1521-1528. doi: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0175
5. König HE, Ruberte J, Liebich HG. Systema cardiovasculare. In: König HE, Liebich HG (editors). Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals. 6th ed. Stuttgart, Germany: Schattauer; 2013. pp. 450-460.
6. Varga I, Kyselovič J, Galfiova P, Danisovic L. The noncardiomyocyte cells of the heart. their possible roles in exerciseınduced cardiac regeneration and remodeling. In: Xiao J (editor). Exercise For Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment. vol 999. Singapore: Springer; 2017. pp. 117-136.
7. Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT. Vander’s Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function. 12th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
8. Ross MH, Pawlina W. Histology: Text and Atlas. 6th ed. Baltimore, MD, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
9. Ghonimi W, Balah A, Bareedy MH, Salem HF, Soliman SM et al. Sinu-atrial node of mature dromedary camel heart (camelus dromedarius) with special emphasis on the atrial purkinje like cardiomyocytes. Journal of Cytology and Histology 2015; 6:3. doi: 10.4172/2157-7099.1000319
10. Nabipour A. Comparative histological structure of the sinus node in mammals. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 2012; 36 (5): 463-469. doi: 10.3906/vet-0807-2
11. Sanchez-Quintana D, Anderson RH, Cabrera JA, Climent V, Martin R et al. The terminal crest: morphological features relevant to electrophysiology. Heart 2002; 88 (4): 406-411. doi: 10.1136/heart.88.4.406
12. Mandrioli D, Ceci F, Balbi T, Ghimenton C, Pierini G. SEM, TEM, and IHC analysis of the sinus node and its implications for the cardiac conduction system. Anatomy Research International 2013; 2013: 1-6. doi: 10.1155/2013/961459
13. Nabipour A. A concise review on the anatomy of the atrioventricular node in mammals. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology 2009; 1 (1): 1-10.
14. Ono N, Yamaguchi T, Ishikawa H, Arakawa M, Takahashi N. Morphological varieties of the purkinje fiber network in mammalian hearts, as revealed by light and electronmicroscopy. Archives of Histology and Cytology 2009; 72 (3): 139-149. doi: 10.1679/aohc.72.139
15. Sommer JR, Johnson EA. A comparative study of purkinje fibers and ventricular fibers. The Journal of Cell Biology 1968; 36 (3): 497. doi: 10.1083/jcb.36.3.497
16. Kanzaki Y, Terasaki F, Okabe M, Fujita S, Katashima T et al. Three-dimensional architecture of cardiomyocytes and connective tissue in human heart revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Circulation 2010; 122 (19): 1973-1974. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.979815
17. Okabe M, Kanzaki Y, Shimomura H, Terasaki F, Hayashi T et al. Back scattered electron imaging: a new method forthe study of cardiomyocyte architecture using scanning electron microscopy. Cardiovascular Pathology 2000; 9 (2): 103-109. doi: 10.1016/s1054-8807(00)00028-4
18. Myklebust R, Dalen H, Saetersdal TS. A comparative study in the transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope of intracellular structures in sheep heart muscle cells. Journal of Microscopy 1975; 105 (1): 57-65. doi: 10.1111/ j.1365-2818.1975.tb04036.x
19. Perde FV, Atkinson A, Yanni J, Dermengiu D, Dobrzynski H. Morphological characteristics of the sinus node on postmortem tissue. Folia Morphologica 2016; 75 (2): 216-223. doi: 10.5603/ FM.a2015.0087
20. Duan D, Yu S, Cui Y, Li C. Morphological study of the atrioventricular conduction system and purkinje fibers in yak. Journal of Morphology 2017; 278 (7): 975-986. doi: 10.1002/ jmor.20691
21. Marino TA. A scanning electron microscopic study of the atrioventricular bundle of the ferret. Cell and Tissue Research 1980; 206 (2): 271-277. doi: 10.1007/BF00232771
22. Sanchez-Quintana D, Picazo-Angelín B, Cabrera A, Murillo M, Cabrera JÁ. Koch’s triangle and the atrioventricular node in Ebstein’s anomaly: implications for catheter ablation. Revista Española de Cardiología 2010; 63 (6): 660-667. doi: 10.1016/ s1885-5857(10)70140-7
23. Machida N, Katsuda S, Kobayashi Y, Mitsumori KA. Histological study of the cardiac conduction system in a heifer with complete atrioventricular block. The Journal of Pathology 2005; 133 (1): 68-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.12.004
24. Morse DE, Hamlett WC, Noble Jr CW. Morphogenesis of chordae tendineae I: scanning electron microscopy. The Anatomical Record 1984; 210 (4): 629-638. doi: 10.1002/ ar.1092100410
25. Gauvin R, Marinov G, Mehri Y, Klein J, Li B et al. A comparative study of bovine and porcine pericardium to high light their potential advantages to manufacture percutaneous cardiovascularim plants. Journal of Biomaterials Applications 2013; 28 (4): 552-565. doi: 10.1177/0885328212465482
26. Jaiswal S, Singh I, Mahanta D, Sathapathy S, Mrigesh M et al. Histological, histomorphometrical, histochemical and ultrastructural studies on the heart of Uttara fowl. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5 (6): 2365-2370.
27. Saunders R, Amoroso M. SEM investigation of heart tissue samples. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2010; 241 (1): 12-23. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/241/1/012023
28. Brazile B, Wang B, Wang G, Bertucci R, Prabhu R et al. On the bending properties of porcine mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valve leaflets. Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants 2015; 25: 1-2. doi: 10.1615/ jlongtermeffmedimplants.2015011741
29. Dohmen PM, Ozaki S, Nitsch R, Yperman J, Flameng W et al. A tissue engineered heart valve implanted in a juvenile sheep model. Medical Science Monitor 2003; 9 (4): 97- 104.
30. Hurle JM, Colvee E, Fernandez-Teran MA. The surface anatomy of the human aortic valve as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Anatomy and Embryology 1985; 172 (1): 61-67. doi: 10.1007/BF00318944
31. Icardo JM, Arrechedera H, Colvee E. The atrioventricular valves of the mouse I. a scanning electron microscope study. Journal of Anatomy 1993; 182: 87.
32. Markby G, Summers KM, MacRae VE, Del-Pozo J, Corcoran BM. Myxomatous degeneration of the canine mitral valve: from gross changes to molecular events. Journal of Comparative Pathology 2017; 156 (4): 371-383. doi: 10.1016/j. jcpa.2017.01.009
33. Bozzola JJ, Russell LD. Electron Microscopy Principles and Techniques for Biologist. 2nd ed. Massachusetts, MA, USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 1998.
34. Choudhary OP, Choudhary P. Scanning electron microscope: advantages and disadvantages in imaging components. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 2017; 6 (5): 1877-1882. doi: 10.20546/ ijcmas.2017.605.207
35. Luna LG. Manual of Histological Staining Methods of the Armed Forces İnstitute of Pathology. 3th ed. Newyork, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company; 1968.
36. Eurell JA, Frappier BL. Dellmann’s Textbook of Veterinary Histology. 6th ed. Iowa, IA, USA: Blackwell Publishing; 2006.
37. Leeson CR, Leeson TS, Poporo AA. (1985) Textbook of Histology. 5th ed. Canada, USA: W.B Saunders Company; 1985.
38. Bacha WJ, Bacha LM. Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology. 3rd ed. Chichester, WS, UK: John Wiley& Sons Ltd; 2012.
39. Shimada T, Nakamura M, Kitahara Y, Sachi M. Surface morphology of chemically-digested purkinje fibers of the goat heart. Journal of Electron Microscopy 1983; 32 (3): 187-196.
40. Shimada T, Nakamura M, Notohara A. The Purkinje fibermyocardial cell region in the goat heart as studied by combined scanning electron microscopy and chemical digestion. Experientia 1984; 40 (8): 849-850. doi: 10.1007/BF01951989
41. Canale E, Campbell GR, Uehara Y, Fujiwara T, Smolich JJ. Sheep cardiac purkinje fibers: configurational changes during the cardiac cycle. Cell Tissue 1983; 232 (1): 97-110. doi: 10.1007/BF00222376
42. Ye X, Bhushan B, Zhou M, Lei W. The surface microstructure of cusps and leaflets in rabbit and mouse heart valves. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2014; 5 (1): 622-629. doi: 10.3762/ bjnano.5.73
43. Polliack A, Fu SM, Douglas SD, Bentwich Z, Lampen N et al. Scanning electron microscopy of human lymphocyte-sheep erythrocyterosettes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1974; 140(1): 146-158. doi: 10.1084/jem.140.1.146
44. Polliack A, Lampen N, Clarkson BD, De Harven E, Bentwich Z et al. Identification of human B and T lymphocytes by scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1973; 138(3): 607-624. doi: 10.1084/jem.138.3.607