Mehmet CAN, Şükrü Hakan ATALGIN, Soner BEKMEZCİ

Gross anatomy and mineralization of larynx, trachea and syrinx in gray heron (Ardea cinerea)

Abstract: This study aims to determine the normal anatomical features of the larynx, trachea, and syrinx of the heron birds and to identify the cartilage and mineralized areas with red Alcian blue staining. Three adult heron birds’ larynx, trachea, and syrinx were used as materials in the study. Sex of the birds was neglected. With the staining of alizarin red Alcian blue, cartilage tissues were blue, and mineralized areas with calcium accumulation were red. In the macroscopic examination, mons laryngealis was seen on the caudal side of the tongue on the larynx under a stereomicroscope. It was observed that there was a thin and long-looking glottis on mons laryngealis. Larynx cranialis was observed to consist of two cartilago arytenoidea and one cartilago cricoidea in alizarin red staining. Trachea was found to consist of fully mineralized rings, except for the first and incomplete mineralized cartilago trachealis. Trachea rings were found to form a complete ring except for the first cartilago trachealis. Diameters of the rings differed regionally throughout for the trachea. It was determined that the widths of the trachea rings were approximately the same size except the first one. Syrinx was found to be the tracheobronchial type, which is the typical simple type syrinx. The four rings that make up the tracheabrochial syrinx were seen to merge. This is the first study showed the detailed anatomical description of larynx trachea and syrinx belonging to heron birds with alizarin red Alcian blue staining.Key words: Anatomy, heron, larynx, mineralization, trachea, syrinx

PDF

___

1. Dariusz J, Agnieszka M. Diet composition and food consumption of the grey heron (Ardea cinerea) from breeding colonies in northern. Poland European Journal of Wildlife Research 2005; 51: 191-198, doi: 10.1007/s10344-005-0096-x
2. Jesús M. L. Food intake, feeding behaviour and stock losses of cormorants, Phalacrocorax carbo, and grey herons, Ardea cinerea, at a fish farm in Arcachon Bay (Southwest France) during breeding and non-breeding season. Folia Zoologica 2002; 51 (1): 23-34.
3. Hogg DA. Ossification of the laryngeal, tracheal and syringeal cartilages in the domestic fowl. Journal of Anatomy 1982; 134 (1): 57-71.
4. Raposo MA, Höfling E, Gaban-Lima RE, Stopiglia R, Formozo P. Anatomia da siringe dos dendrocolaptidae (Aves, Passeriformes). Arquivos do Museu Nacional 2006; 64 (2): 181-191.
5. Atalgin SH, Ates S, Kurtul I, Terzi H. Mineralization in the syrinx and caudal tracheal rings in the ostrich. Indian Journal Animal Research 2018; 52 (1): 33-36. doi: 10.18805/ijar. v0iOF.6984
6. Cevik-Demirkan A, Ozdemir V. A study on anatomical structures of the larynx, trachea and syrinx in Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 2011; 10 (24): 3218-3224. doi: 10.3923/javaa.2011.3218.3224
7. Yılmaz B, Yılmaz R, Arıcan İ, Yıldız H. Anatomical structure of the syrinx in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 2012; 1 (2): 111-116.
8. King AS, Roberts MC. Laryngeal cartilages and muscles of gallus domesticus. Journal of Anatomy 1965; 99: 410-411.
9. Vollmerhaus B, Sinowatz F. Luftsäcke. In: R Nickel, A Schummer, E Seiferle (Editorss). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. 2 nd Ed. Berlin, Germany: Verlag Paul Parey; 1992. pp. 172-174.
10. Morrisey JK. Diseases of the upper respiratory tract of companion birds. In: Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine. Vol.6, No.4. New York, NY, USA: WB Saunders; 1997. pp. 195-200.
11. Fedde MR. Relationship of structure and function of the avian respiratory system to disease susceptibility. Poultry Science 1998; 77 (8): 1130-1138. doi: 10.1093/ps/77.8.1130
12. Getty R. Sisson and Grossman’s The Anatomy of The Domestic Animals. 5 th ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Saunders; 1975.
13. Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E. Anatomy of the Domestic Birds. 2 nd ed. Berlin, Germany: Verlag Paul Parey; 1977.
14. King AS, McLelland J. Birds, Their Structure and Function. 2 nd ed. Eastbourne BN21 3UN, UK: Bailliere Tindall, 1 St. Annes Road; 1984.
15. Ocal K, Erden H. Solunum Sistemi. In: Evcil Kuşların Anatomisi. 1 st ed. Ankara, TR: Medisan Yayınevi; 2002. pp. 91-96. (in Turkish).
16. Kabak M, Orhan IO, Haziroglu RM. The gross anatomy of larynx, trachae and syrinx in the long‐legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 2007; 36 (1): 27- 32. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2006.00708.x
17. Cover MS. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory system of the turkey. II. The larynx, trachea syrinx, bronchi, and lungs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1953; 14 (51): 230-238.
18. Piperno E, Peirone S. Morphological characteristics and mutual relationships of the tracheal cartilaginous rings in Gallus gallus. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 1975; 4 (2): 172-178. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1975.tb00635.x
19. Demirsoy A. Yaşamın Temel Kuralları: Omurgalılar/Amniyota (sürüngenler, kuşlar ve memeliler). Cilt-3/Kısım II. Ankara, TR: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları; 1992.
20. Doğuer S, Erençin Z. Evcil Kuşların Komparativ Anatomisi. Ankara, TR: Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Ders Kitapları, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi; 1964. (in Turkish).
21. Chamberlain DR, Gross WB, Cornwell GW, Mosby HS. Syringeal anatomy in the common crow. The Auk 1968; 85 (2): 244-252. doi: 10.2307/4083584
22. Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. 4 th ed. St. Louis, Missouri, UK: Saunders/Elsevier; 2010.
23. Baumel JJ, King SA, Breasile JE, Evans HE, Berge JCV. Handbook of Avian Anatomy (Nomina Anatomica Avium). 2 nd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Publications of the Nuttal Ornithological Club; 1993.
24. Griffiths CS. Monophyly of the falconiformes based on syringeal morphology. The Auk 1994; 111 (4): 787-805. doi: 10.2307/4088811
25. Goller F, Suthers RA. Role of syringeal muscles in controlling the phonology of bird song. Journal of Neurophysiology 1996; 76 (1): 287-300. doi: 10.1152/jn.1996.76.1.287
26. Erdoğan D, Kadıoğlu D, Peker T. Visualisation of the fetal skeletal system by double staining with alizarin red and alcian blue. Gazi Medical Journal 1995; 6 (2): 55-58.
27. Atalgın ŞH, Çakır A. Yeni Zelanda tavşanında (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) os coxae ve femur’un postnatal osteolojik gelişimi. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 2006; 53: 155-159 (in Turkish with an abstract in English).
28. Garside JS. Ossification of tracheal cartilages in fowl. Veterinary Record 1968; 82 (16): 470-471.
29. Myers JA. Studies on the syrinx of Gallus domesticus. Journal of Morphology 1917; 29 (1): 165-215.
30. Taşbaş M, Özcan Z, Hazıroğlu RM. Penguenin dili ve ön solunum yollarının (larynx cranialis, trachea, syrinx) anatomik ve histolojik yapısı üzerinde bir çalışma. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 1986; 33: 240-261 (in Turkish with an abstract in English).
31. Yılmaz B, Demircioğlu İ, Arıcan İ, Yılmaz R. Aseel ırkı horoz ve tavuklarda larynx, trachea ve syrinx’in anatomik ve histolojik yapısı. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi 2016; 30 (3): 211-216 (in Turkish with an abstract in English).
32. Al-aameli MH, Kadhim KK. Morphological study of larynx and syrinx of black francolin (Francolinus francolinus) in Iraq. Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research 2018; 17 (3): 16-29.
33. Onuk B, Hazıroğlu RM, Kabak M. The gross anatomy of larynx, trachae and syrinx in Goose (Anser anser domesticus). Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 2010; 16 (3): 443-450. doi. 10.9775/kvfd.2009.917
34. Fitzgerald CT. The Coturnix Quail: Anatomy and Histology. Ames, Iowa, USA: State University Press; 1970.
35. McLelland J. A Colour Atlas of Avian Anatomy. London WC1E 7LT, UK: Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd; 1990.
36. Taşbaş M, Hazıroğlu RM, Çakır A, Özer M. Denizli horozunun solunum sisteminin morfolojisi. II. Larynx, trachea, syrinx. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 1994; 41: 135- 153 (in Turkish with an abstract in English).
37. Das LN, Mıshra DB, Bıswal G. Comparative anatomy of the domestic duck (Anas boscas). The Indian Veterinary Journal 1965; 42: 320-326.
38. McLelland J. The anatomy of the rings and muscles of the trachea of Gallus domesticus. Journal of Anatomy 1965; 99 (3): 651-656.
39. Çevik‐Demirkan A, Hazıroğlu RM, Kürtül, İ. Gross morphological and histological features of larynx, trachea and syrinx in Japanese quail. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 2007; 36: 215-219. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2007.00758.x
40. Gross WB. Voice production by the chicken. Poultry Science 1964; 43 (4): 1005-1008. doi: 10.3382/ps.0431005
41. Khaksar Z, Kookhdan ET, Parto P. A study on anatomy and histological structure of larynx in adult male and female turkeys. World Journal of Zoology 2012; 7 (3): 245-250. doi: 10.5829/idosi.wjz.2012.7.3.63133
42. Yıldız H, Bahadır A, Akkoç A. A study on the morphological structure of syrinx in ostriches (Struthio camelus). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 2003; 32 (3): 187-191. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0264.2003.00462.x
43. Warner RW. The syrinx in family Columbidae. Journal of Zoology 1972; 166 (3): 385-390. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972. tb03107.x