Oxidative stress biomarkers in liver of sea trout ( salmo trutta m. trutta l.) affected by ulcerative dermal necrosis syndrome
Antioxidant defense system and oxidative stress biomarkers were determined in the liver tissue from males and females of sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.) affected by Aeromonas hydrofila infectio n causing ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) syndrome. Histological results from hepatic parenchyma in UDN -affected trout show that cytoplasmic vacuolation of hepatocytes, loss of normal basophilia by cytoplasm, presence of pigment deposition in the parenchy ma are a signs of liver deterioration. Impaired circulation in the liver of UDN -affected females manifests in oedema and an occurrence of a large number of erythrocytes in the sinusoids and the intercellular space. In both UDN -affected males and females, p rotein oxidation showed higher values as compared to the healthy trout. UDN syndrome caused a decrease of antioxidant enzyme activities. This might be due to inactivation of the above -mentioned enzymes by the end products of protein oxidation. The importan ce of the glutathione-mediated antioxidant defense system in UDN -induced oxidative stress was demonstrated. Results showed that UDN syndrome led to an oxidative stress in liver tissue able to increase of the oxidatively modified protein level.
___
- Abdel-Tawwab , M.Y.A., Khattab , E., Ahmad , M.H. and Shalaby , A.M.E. 2008. Compensatory growth, feed utilization, whole body composition and hematological changes in starved juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 18(3): 17 -36. DOI: 10.1300/J028v18n03_02
- AOAC 1990. "Association of official optimal aquaculture chemists" Official methods of analysis. 15 th Ed itn . Published by the AOAC Benjamin Franklin Station. Washington D.C
- Be rmejo, P., Piñero , E. and Villar, A. 2008. Iron -chelating ability and antioxidant properties of phycocyanin isolated from a protean extract of Spirulina platensis. Food Chemistry , 110: 436 445. doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.021
- Cohen, Z. 1997. The chemicals of Spirulina . In: A. Vonshak (Ed.), Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira ): Physiology, Cell-biology and Biotechnology. Taylor and Francis. London : 175 204.
- Dacie, J.V. and Le wis, S.M. 1984. Practical Haematology, Churchill Living Stone. London, New York, 32 pp . Dacie, S.I.V. and Lewis, S.M. 2006. Practical Haematology. 10 th Edn., Churchill Livingstone, London, 736 pp .
- Dawah, M.A., Khater, A.M., Shaker, I.M.A. and Ibrahim, N.A. 2002. Production of Scenedesmus bijuga (Chlorophyceae) in large scale in outdoor tanks and its use in feeding monosex Nile tilapia (Oeochromis niloticus ) fry. J. Egypt. Acad. Soc. Environ. Devel. (B. Aqua culture), 2 (1): 113 -125.
- Dernekbasi, S., Una, H., Karayucel, I. and Aral, O. 2010 Effect of dietary supplementation of different rates of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis ) on growth and feed conversion in guppy ( Poecilia reticulate peters, 1860). Journal of Animal Veterinary Adv ances 9(9): 1395 -1399. doi:10 .3923/javaa.2010.1395.1399
- El-Sayed, A -F.M. 1994. Evaluation of soybean meal, Spirulina meal and chicken offal meal as protein sources for silver seabream (Rhabdosargus sarba ) fingerlings. Aquaculture, 127: 169 -176. doi:10.1016/0044 -8486(94)90423 -5
- FAO 2009. Fisheries Department Fishery Information Data and Statistics Unit: FISHSTAT Plus -Universal Software for Fisheries Statistical Time Series. Version 2.3, FAO, Rome, Italy.
- Glombitza, K.W. and Koh, M. 1989. Secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical potentials. In: R.C. Cresswell, T.A.V. Rees and N. Shah (Eds .), Algal and Cyanobacterial Biotechnology. Logman, Harlow, UK : 161 238.
- Habib, M.A.B., Parvin, M., Huntington, T.C. and Hasan, M.R. 2008. A review on culture, production and use of Spirulina as food for humans and feeds for domestic animals. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular. No. 1034. Rome, FAO.33p.
- Ibrahem, M., Mohamed, M.F. and Ibrahim, M.A. 2013. The role of Spirulina pla tensis (Arthrospira platensis ) in growth and immunity of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) and its resistance to bacterial infection. Journal of Agricultural Science, 5: 109 -117. doi:10.5539/jas.v5n6p109.
- Kim, S -S., Rahimnejad, S., Kim, K-W. and Lee, K -J. 2013. Partial replacement of fish meal with Spirulina pacifica in diets for parrot fish (Oplegnathus fasciatus). Turkish Journal of Fish and Aquatic Sciences, 13: 197 -204. doi: 10.4194/1303 -2712 -v13 - 2 -01.
- Kishimoto, M., Okakura, T., Nagashima, H., Minow a, T., Yakayama, S. and Yamaberi, K. 1994. CO 2 fixation and oil production using microalgae. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering , 78: 479 482. doi.org/10.1016/S0960 -8524(98)00152 -7 .
- Lin, W., Pan, B., Sheng, J., Xu, J. and Hu, Q. 2007. Antioxidant activity of Spirulina platensis extracts by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Food Chemistry , 105: 36 41. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.03.054
- Magouz, F.I. 1990. Studies on optimal protein and energy supply for tilapia (O. niloticus) in intensive culture. Ph D. thesis. Germany : Georg -August Göttingen University, 134 pp.
- Madhava, C., Bhat, V.B., Kiranma i, G., Reddy, M.N., Reddanna, P. and Madyastha, K.M. 2000. Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase -2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis. Bioch . Biophys. Res. Comm., 277: 599 603.
- Nandeesha, M.C.B., Gangadhar, T.J. and Varghese Keshavan ath, P. 1998. Effect of feeding Spirulina platensis on the growth, proximate composition and organoleptic quality of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquaculture Research , 29: 305 -312. doi: 10.1046/ j.1365 -2109.1998.00163.x
- NRC (National Research Council) 1 993. Nutrient requirements of fish. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
- Promya, J. and Chitmant, C. 2011. The effects of Spirulina platensis and Cladophora algae on the growth performance, meat quality and immunity stimulating capacity of the African Sharptooth Catfish (Clarias gariepinus ). International Journal of Agricultural Biology , 13: 77 -82.
- Qureshi, M.A. and Ali, R.A. 1996. Spirulina platensis exposure enhances macrophage phagocytic function in cats. Immunopharmacology and Immuno toxicology , 18: 457 -463. doi:10.3109/08923979609 052747 .
- Qureshi, M.A., Kidd, M.T. and Ali, R.A. 1995. Spirulina platensis extract enhances chicken macrophage functions after in vitro exposure. Journal of Nutrition and Immunology , 3: 35 -44 .
- SAS 1996. Copyright (c) 1 989 -1996 by SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. SAS (r) Proprietary Software Release 6.12 TS020.
- Stoskopf, M.K. 1993. Fish Medicine. W.B. Saunders Company. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Toronto, Canada , 882 pp.
- Takeuchi, T., Lu , J., Yoshizaki, G. and Satoh , S. 2002. Effect on the growth and body composition of juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed raw Spirulina . Fisheries Science, 68: 34 -40. doi: 10.1046/j.1444 -2906.2002.00386.x
- Van Kampen, E.J., Zijlstra, W.G.1961. Standardization of hemoglobimetry: II the hemiglobincyanide method. Clinica Chimica Acta , 6: 538 544. doi:10.1016/0009 - 8981(61)90145 -0 V onshak, A. 1997a. Appendics: Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira ): Physiology Cell-biology and Biotechnology . Taylor and Francis Ltd., London, 214 pp .
- Vonshak, A. 1997b. Spirulina platensis (Arthospira): Physiology, Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Taylor and Francis, London, 540 pp .
- Watanuki, H., Ota , K., Tassakka, A.R., Sakai, M., Kato, T. and Sakai, M. 2006. Immunostimulant effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture , 258: 157 163. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.05.003
- Zinkl, J.G. 1986. Avian hematology. In: N .C. Jain (Ed .), Schalms Veterinary Hematology, Paihea and Febiger , Philadelphia: 256 - 260.