Gülfem BAKAN, Özkoç Hülya BÖKE, Sevtap TÜLEK, Hüseyin CÜCE

Integrated environmental quality assessment of Kızılırmak River and its coastal environment

Kızılırmak, havzasındaki insan aktiviteleri nedeniyle yüksek miktarda besin elementleri, iz metaller ve diğer bileşiklerin yüklerini taşımaktadır. Bu araştırmanın ana amaçları; su deşarjları, besin elementleri ve iz metallerinin yersel ve mevsimsel değişimlerini değerlendirme; ayrıca verileri, su ve sediment kalite kriter değerleriyle karşılaştırma ve belli kalite indisleriyle örneğin su kalite indeksi (WQI), sediment kalite indeksi (SQI) ve trofik durum indeksi gibi, çevresel baskıları ve kirlilik yüklerinin kıyısal çevrede neden olduğu etkileri değerlendirmektir. Kızılırmak Nehrinin ana kolunda, Karadeniz’e deşarj ağzına yakın dokuz istasyondan numune alınmıştır. Arazi çalışmaları ve rutin laboratuar su analizleri 8 örnekleme noktasında mevsimsel olarak yürütülmüştür. Islak sediment numune analizlerinde, EC, pH, organik madde ve nem içeriği ölçülmüş ve 1,13-1,76 mS; 7,52-8,80; %1,41-4,60; %18,92-33,65 sıralamasında bulunmuştur. Diğer yandan, iz metal analizleri (Cd, Ni, ve Pb içeren) Atomik Absorpsiyon Spetroskopisi (AAS) cihazıyla hem su, hem de sediment örneklerine toplam sindirim metodu uygulanması sonrası ölçülmüştür. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde Nehir kalitesi değerlendirmede, yüksek analitik ölçüm maliyeti, çalışmaların yürütülmesinde sınırlayıcı bir faktör olduğu için, bu çalışma da belli kalite indisleri kullanılmıştır. Her tip indis hesabı için, literatürden farklı yaklaşımları seçilmiş ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Hesaplanmış NSFWQI, WQIn, WQImin, değerleri, birbirleriyle uyumludur ve nehrin su kalitesinin orta seviyede olduğunu belirtmektedir. Kızılırmak üzerinde kurulu Derbent Barajı için iki farklı trofik durum indeks hesaplanması aynı sonuçları vermiştir. Bu durum, barajda ötrofik yapı olduğunu dolayısıyla algal yoğunluktaki artış ve alg patlaması olabileceğini belirtmektedir. Ayrıca, belli metal kalite indisleri hem su hem de sediman ölçümleri için hesaplandığında, nehrin orta kalitede, otomobil ekzosları ve kentsel akışlardan meydana gelebilen kurşun kirliliğine sahip olduğunu belirtmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

kirli sular, pH, alansal değişim, çökelti, kadmiyum, organik madde, nem içeriği, kıyı alanları, elektrik iletkenliği, kurşun, nikel, besin maddesi içeriği, mevsimsel değişimler, su kirliliği, Türkiye

Kızılırmak Nehri ve kıyısal çevresinin entegre çevresel kalite değerlendirilmesi

Kızılırmak River receives substantial loads of nutrients, trace metals and other compounds, resulting from anthropogenic activities within its catchment. The main aims of this research were to evaluate spatial and seasonal trends in water discharge, nutrients and trace metals and also to compare data with water and sediment quality criteria and with certain quality indices such as water quality index (WQI), sediment quality index (SQI) and trophic state index (TSI), identifying the environmental pressures and assessing the impact of the loads to the coastal environment. Nine stations were sampled within the main stream of Kızılırmak River near to the Black Sea. Field measurements and routine laboratory water analysis were carried on the eight sampling stations seasonally. Wet sediment sample analyses were also performed for EC, pH, organic matter and moisture content within the range of 1.13-1.76 mS; 7.52-8.80; 1.41-4.60%; 18.92-33.65%, respectively. However, trace metal analyses including Cd, Ni and Pb were done by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) both on water and sediment samples with the total digestion methods. Since the analytical cost involved could be a limiting factor for river quality assessments in developing countries, certain quality indices were used in this study. For each type of indices calculations, different approaches from the literature were selected and compared. Calculated NSFWQI, WQInew and WQI min. values are in good agreement and the water quality of the river is considered at medium level. For the Derbent Dam of Kızılırmak River, two different trophic level index calculations have also the same results indicating eutrophic conditions where algal growth and blooms can occur. However, certain metal quality indices both for water and sediment measurements indicate that the river has medium quality of lead pollution which may be caused by automobile exhausts and urban storm run-off.

Keywords:

polluted water, pH, spatial variation, sediment, cadmium, organic matter, moisture content, coastal areas, electrical conductivity, lead, nickel, nutrient content, seasonal variation, water pollution, Turkey,

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