A Review of heavy metals in water, sediment and living organisms in the Black Sea

Karadeniz, farklı kaynaklardan gelen, doğrudan ve dolaylı deşarj edilen kirleticiler tarafından oldukca fazla etkilenmektedir. Çok sayıda ülkenin sanayi ve evsel nitelikli atıksuların boşaltılması sonucu Karadeniz’de ekotoksikolojik etkiler oluşmaktaktadır. Ağır metaller, toksik maddeler olup besin zincirinde artan konsantrasyonda birikmektedir. Bu derlemede, Karadeniz’de su kolonunda, sedimentte ve canlı organizmalarda ağır metal düzeyleri incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

çökelti, Karadeniz, kirli sular, ağır metaller, toksik maddeler, su kirliliği, su kalitesi

Karadeniz'de su, sediment ve canlı organizmalardaki Ağır metal düzeyleri

Black Sea waters remain heavily impacted by a number of pollutants originating from different sources such as direct and indirect discharge of land based pollutants, sewage etc. The Black Sea environment is highly contaminated in many urban and industrialized areas of the many countries, resulting in severe ecotoxicological impacts. Heavy metals are toxic substances that accumulate in food chains with the increasing concentrations. In this review, heavy metal pollution in water column and sediment, with regard to aquatic organisms living in the Black Sea has been evaluated.

Keywords:

sediment, Black Sea, polluted water, heavy metals, toxic substances, water pollution, water quality,

PDF

___

Altaş, L. and Büyükgüngör, H. 2007. Heavy metal pollution in the Black Sea shore and offshore of Turkey. Environmental Geology, 52: 469-476.
Bakan, G. and Büyükgüngör, H. 2000. The Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41: 24-43.
Bakan, G. and Böke-Özkoç, H. 2008. An ecological risk assessment of the impact of heavy metals in surface sediments on biota from mid-Black sea coast of Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 64: 45-57.
Balkıs, N., Aksu, A. and Muftuoglu, A.E. 2007a. Heavy metals pollution of the Turkish shores of the Black Sea, 38th CIESM Congress Proceedings. no. 38, CIESM Congress Proceedings, İstanbul, 230 pp.
Balkıs, N., Topçuoğlu, S., Güven, K.C., Öztürk, B., Topaloğlu, B., Kırbaşoğlu, Ç. and Aksu, A. 2007b. Heavy metals in shallow sediments from the Black Sea, Marmara Sea and Aegean Sea regions of Turkey. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 13: 147-153.
Coban, B., Balkis, N. and Aksu, A. 2009. Heavy metal levels in sea water and sediment of Zonguldak, Turkey. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 15: 23-32.
Durali, M., Demirci, Z., Tüzen, M. and Soylak, M. 2010. Seasonal investigation of trace element contents in commercially valuable fish species From the Black Sea, Turkey, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48: 865-870.
Ergül, H.A., Topçuoğlu, S., Ölmez, E. and Kırbaşoğlu, Ç. 2008. Heavy metals in sinking particles and bottom sediments from the eastern Turkish coast of the Black Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 78: 396- 402.
Fabry, V., Fröhlich, K. and Osvath, I. 1993. Environmental pollution of the Black Sea: A search for answer. IAEA 2: 20-24.
Förstner, U. and Salamons, W. 1980. Trace metal analysis on polluted sediments, I: assessment of sources and intensities. Environmental Technology Letters 1: 494- 505.
Grasshoff, K. 1975. The hydrochemistry of landlocked basins and fjords. In: J.P. Riley and G. Skirrov (Eds.), Chemical Oceanography, 2. Edition, Academic Press, London: 455-579.
Ignatov, E.I. 2008. Coastal and Bottom Topography, the Black Sea Environment, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 62 pp.
Kıratlı, N. and Ergin, M. 1996. Partitioning of heavy metals in surface Black Sea sediments, Applied Geochemistry, 11: 775-788.
Lamborg, C.H., Yiğiterhan, O., Fitzgerald, W.F., Balcom, P.H., Hammerschmidt, C.R. and Murray, J. 2007. Vertical distribution of mercury species at two sites in the western Black Sea, Marine Chemistry 111: 77–89.
Lewis, B.L. and Landing, W.M. 1992. The investigation of dissolved and suspended particulate trace metal fractionation in the Black Sea. Marine Chemistry, 40: 105–141.
Manahan, S.E. 1999. Environmental Chemistry, seventh edition, Lewis Publishers, New York, London, Washington, pp 783.
Mendil, D., Demirci, Z., Tüzen, M. and Soylak, M. 2010. Seasonal investigation of trace element contents in commercially valuable fish species from the Black Sea, Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48: 865-870.
Nijenhuis, I.A., Bosch, H.J., Sinninghe Damste, J.S., Burmsack, H.J. and De Lange, G.J. 1999. Organic matter and trace element rich sapropels and black shales: a geochemical comparsion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 169: 277-290.
Nisbet, C., Terzi, G., Pilger, O. and Sarac, N. 2010. Deternination of heavy metal levels in fish sample collected from the Middle Black Sea, Kafkas Üniv. Veteriner Fak. Dergisi, 16: 119-125.
Oğuz, T., Malanotte-Rizozoli, P. and Aurbey, D.G. 1995. Wind and thermohaline circulation of the Black Sea driven by yearly mean climatologically forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100: 6845-6863.
Polikarpov, G.G., Zaitsev, Y.P., Zats, V.I. and Radchenko L.A. 1994. Pollution of the Black Sea (levels and sources), Proceedings of the Black Sea Symposium, Ecological Problems and Economical Prospects, 16- 18 September, Acar Matbaacılık, İstanbul: 15–38.
Public Health Regulation in Turkey, 1995. Official Gazette, Number: 22223.
Romeo, M., Frasila, C., Gnassia-Barelli, M., Damiens, G., Micu, D. and Mustata, G. 2005. Biomonitoring of trace metals in the Black Sea (Romania) using mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Water Research, 39: 596-604.
Strezov, A. and Nonova, T. 2003. Monitoring of Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cd levels in two brown macroalge from the Bulgarian Black sea coast. International Journal of Environmental Analitic Chemistry, 83: 1045-1054.
Strezov, A. and Nonova, T. 2005a. Environmental Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Bulgarian Black Sea Green Algae. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 105: 99-110.
Strezov, A. and Nonova, T. 2005b. Comparative analysis of heavy metal and radionuclide contaminats in Black Sea green and red macroalgae, Water Science and Technology, 51: 1-8.
Tankere, S.P.C., Muller, F.L.L., Burton, J.D., Statham, P.J., Guieu, C. and Martin, J.M. 2001. Trace metal distributions in shelf waters of the northwestern Black Sea, Continental Self Research, 21: 1501-1532.
Topçuoğlu, S., Kırbaşoğlulu, C. and Güngör, N. 2002. Heavy metals in organisms and sediments from Turkish coast of the Black Sea, 1997-1998. Environmental International, 27: 521-526.
Topçuoğlu, S., Güven, K.C., Balkıs, N. and Kırbaşoğlu, Ç. 2003a. Heavy metal monitoring of marine algae from the Turkish coast of the Black Sea, 1998-2000. Chemosphere, 52: 1683-1688.
Topçuoğlu, S., Ergül, H.A, Baysal, A., Ölmez, E. and Kut, D. 2003b. Determination of radionuclide and heavy metal concentrations in biota and sediment samples from Pazar and Rize stations in the eastern Black Sea. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 12: 695-699.
Topçuoğlu, S., Ölmez, E., Kırbaşoğlu, C., Yılmaz, Y.Z. and Saygın, N. 2004. Heavy metal and radioactivity in biota and sediment samples collected from Ünye in the eastern Black Sea. Proceedings 37th CIESM (Commission Internationale pour l’Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterrane´e) Congress. Barcelona, Spain, 250 pp.
Topping, G. and Mee, L.D. 1998. Overview. In: L.D. Mee and G. Topping (Ed.), Black Sea Pollution Assessment, Black Sea Environmental Series United Nation Publications, New York: 1-29.
Topping, G., Mee, L. and Sarıkaya, H. 1998. Land-based sources of contaminants to the Black Sea. In: L.D. Mee and G. Topping (Ed.), Black Sea Pollution Assessment, Black Sea Environmental Series United Nation Publications, New York: 10: 33-54.
Tuncer, G., Karakas, T., Balkas, T.I., Gökçay, C.F., Aygnn, S., Yeteri, C. and Tuncel, G. 1998. Land based sources of pollution along the Black Sea Coast of Turkey: Concentrations and Annual Loads to the Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36: 409-423.
Turan, C., Dural, M., Oksuz, A. and Öztürk, B. 2009. Levels of heavy metals in some commercial fish species captured from the Black Sea and Mediterranean Coast of Turkey. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 82: 601-604.
Turk-Culha, S., Bat, L., Culha, M., Efendioglu, A., Andac, M.B. and Bati, B. 2007. Heavy metals levels in some fishes and molluscs from Si 38th CIESM Congress Proceedings. Repport, Peninsula of the Southern Black Sea, Turkey, 323 pp.
Turkish Food Codex, Official Gazette, Number: 24885, published in 23.09.2002.
Turkish Food Codex, Official Gazette, Number: 26879, published in 17.05.2008
Turkish Water Pollution and Control Regulation, 2004. Number 25687.
Tüzen. M. 2003. Determination of heavy metals in fish samples of middle Black sea (Turkey) by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 80: 119-123.
Tüzen, M. 2009. Toxic and essential trace elemental content in fish species from the Black Sea, Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47:1785-1790.
Tüzen, M., Verep, B., Omur Ogretmen, A. and Soylak, M. 2009. Trace element content in marine algae species from the Black Sea, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessments, 151:363-368.
Uluozlu, O.D., Tüzen, M., Mendil, D. and Soylak, M. 2007. Trace metal content in nine species of fish from the Black and Aegean Seas, Turkey. Food Chemistry, 104: 835-840.
Vivien-Harmelin, M., Cossa, Crochet, S., Banaru, D., Letourneur, Y. and Mellon-Duval, C. 2009.
Difference of mercury bioaccumulation in red mullets from the north western Mediterranean and Black Seas. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58: 679-685.
Yemencioglu, S., Erdogan, S. and Tugrul, S. 2006. Distribution of dissolved forms of iron and manganese in the Black Sea. Deep Sea Research, 53: 1852-1855.
Yücesoy, F. and Ergin, M. 1992. Heavy metal geochemistry of surface sediments from the southern Black Sea shelf and upper slope. Chemical Geology, 99: 265- 287.
Zaitsev, Y.P. 1992. Recent changes in the trophic structure of the Black Sea. Fisheries Oceanography, 1: 180– 189.