This study examined the effects of Immunowall® prebiotic and Primalac® probitic (each with 1.0 and 1.5 g kg−1 diet, respectively) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fry (n= 4200, 10±0.015 g) from the Caspian Sea. Specific growth rate (SGR), body weight gain (BWG), total length (TL), survival, feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass composition, and hematological parameters were evaluated in triplicate treatments after 8 weeks. BWG, SGR, TL, and survival rate were significantly influenced in the fish fed 1.5 g of mixed Immunowall® and Primalac® (P0.05). The experimental carp fry displayed marked improvements in some of carcass qualities (P
___
Bagheri, T., Hedayati, S.A., Yavari, V., Alizade, M., & Farzanfar, A. (2008). Growth, survival and gut microbial load of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry given diet supplemented with probiotic during the two months of first feeding. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8, 43-48.
Barari, A., Pakzad Sorki, M., & Nazari, R.M. (2016). Comparing Effects of Different Enzymic Levels of Immnowall and Premalac Indices of Growth, Survival Rate and Body Composition in Cyprinus carpio. International Journal of Science and Research, 5(4), 1199-1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2008.04.008
Blaxhall, P.C. (1972). The haematological assessment of the health of freshwater fish. Journal of Fish Biology, 593–604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095- 8649.1972.tb05704.x
Dalmo, R.A., & Bogwald, J. (2008). β-glucans as conductors of immune symphonies. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 25, 384–396.http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.04.008
Eleraky, W., Yahya, M., Reda, R.M., & Eletreby, S. (2014).Evaluation of prebiotic and probiotic dietary supplementation on growth performance and some blood parameters of Cyprinus carpio fries. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 18(2), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.12816/0011074
Faghani Langroudi, H. (2010). The comparison between the effects of two dietary probiotics (Primalac and Protexin) on the growth and the survival rate of Caspian Sea common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Marine Biology, Ahvaz Islamic Azad University (Iran) 2, 65–74. In Persian.
Farnell, M.B., Donoghue, A.M., Solis de los Santos, F., Blore, P.J., Hargis, B.M., Tellez, G., & Donoghue, D.J. (2006). Upregulation of oxidative burst and degranulation in chicken heterophils stimulated with probiotic bacteria. Poultry Science, 85(11), 1900– 1906. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1093/ps/85.11.1900
Farzanfar, A., Lashto Aghaei, G., Alizadeh, M., Bayati, M.,& Ghorban, R. 2007. Study on growth performance of Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, larvae with different concentration of probiotic in diet. In: proceedings of Aquaculture, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
Fuller, R. (1989). Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 66, 365-378. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x
Ghosh, K., Sen, S.K., & Ray, A.K. (2002). Growth and survival of Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) spawn fed diets supplemented with fish intestinal microflora. Acta Ictholgica en Piscatoria, 32, 83-92. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3750/AIP2002.32.1.07
Gibson, G.R., & Roberfroid, M.B. (1999). Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition, 125, 1401-1412.
Girri, S.S., Sahoo, K., Sahu, B.B., Sahu, A.K., Mohanty, S.N., Mohanty, P.K., & Ayyappan, S. (2002). Larval survival and growth in Wallago attu (Bloch and Schneider): effects of light, photoperiod and feeding regimes. Aquaculture, 213, 151-161. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00012-1
Gopalakannan A., & Arul, V. (2010). Enhancement of the innate immune system and disease-resistant activity in Cyprinus carpio by oral administration of beta-glucan and whole cell yeast. Aquaculture Research, 40, 884-892. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02368.x
Hung, S.S.O., Lutes, P.B., & Storebakken, T. (1989).Growth and feed efficiency of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) sub-yearling at different feeding rates. Aquaculture, 80, 147-153. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/0044-8486(89)90280-9
Irianto, A., & Austin, B. (2002). The use of probiotics in aquaculture. Journal of Fish Diseases, 25(11), 633-642. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00422.x
Jafari, M., Baboli, M.J., & Alishahi, M. (2013). Effects of different levels of Immunoster as prebiotic on some haematological and immunological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Research Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 3(10), 366-369.
Khattab, Y.A.E., Shalaby, A.M.E., Sharaf Saffa, M., El-Marakby, H., & RizlAlla, E.H. (2005). The physiological changes and growth performance of the Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus after feeding with Biogen® as growth promoter. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 8(2), 145–158.
Kühlwein, H., Merrifield, D.L., Rawling, M.D., Foey, A.D.,& Davies, S.J. (2014). Effects of dietary b-(1,3)(1,6)-D-glucan supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology and haemato-immunological profile of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Journal of Animal Physiology & Animal Nutrition, 98(2), 279-89. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/jpn.12078
Kumar, R., Mukherjee, S.C., Prasad, K.P., & Pal, A.K. (2006). Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis as a probiotic to Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Ham.). Aquaculture Research, 37, 1215-1221. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01551.x
Lieschke, G.J., Oates, A.C., Crowhurst, M.O., Ward, A.C., Layton, J.E. (2001). Morphologic and functional characterization of granulocytes and macrophages in embryonic and adult zebra fish. Blood, 98(10), 3087-3096. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1182/blood.V98.10.3087
Misra, C.K., Das, B.K., Mukherje, S.C., & Pattnaik, P. (2006). Effect of multiple injections of b-glucan on non-specific immune response and disease resistancein Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 20, 305-319.http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.05.007
Peng, A., & Gatlin, S. (2003). The role of probiotics in aquaculture. Veterinary and Microbiology, 114, 173-186.
Ronyai, A., Peteri, A., & Radics F. (1990). Cross breeding of starlet and Lena river sturgeon. Aquaculture Hungrica Szarwas, 6, 13-18.
Sahoo, P.K., & Mukherjee, S.C. (1999). Influence of the immunostimulants, chitosan on immune responses of healthy and cortisol-treated rohu (Labeo rohita). Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics, 14, 209-215.
Salaghi, Z., Imanpuor, M., & Taghizadeh, V. (2013). Effect of different levels of probiotic primalac on growth performance and survival rate of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus). Global Veterinaria, 11, 238– 242. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5829/idosi.gv.2013.11.2.7545
Siwicki, A.K., Zakes, Z., Terech-Majewska, E., Kazun, K.,Lepa, A., & Glabski, E. (2010). Dietary Macrogard reduces Aeromonas hydrophila mortality in tench (Tinca tinca) through the activation of cellular and humoral defense mechanisms. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 20, 435–439. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s11160-009-9133-2
Staykov, Y., Spring, P., Denev, S.A., & Sweetman, J. (2007). Effect of a mannan oligosaccharide on the growth performance and immune status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture International, 2, 153-161. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s10499-007-9096-z
Svobodova, Z., Pravda, D., & Palackova, J. (1991). Unifiedmethods of haematological examination of fish. Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Methods Notes, Vodnany, 20-31.
Ta’ati, R., Soltani, M., Bahmani, M., & Zamini, A.A. (2011). Effects of the prebiotics immunoster and immunowall on growth performance of juvenile beluga (Huso huso). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 27, 796–798. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01664.x
Verschuere, L., Rombout, G., Sorgeloos, P., & Verstraete,W. (2000). Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 64, 655-671. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.64.4.655-671.2000
Wang, Y. (2011). Use of probiotics Bacillus coagulans, Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Lactobacillus acidophilus as growth promoters in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17, 372-378. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00771.x
Yanbo, W., & Zirong, X. (2006). Effect of probiotics for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) based on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 127, 283–292. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.09.003
Zhu, H., Liu, H., Yan, J., Wang, R., & Liu, L. (2012). Effect of yeast polysaccharide on some hematologic parameter and gut morphology in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38, 1441-1447. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s10695-012-9631-3