Circum-Tethyan carbonate platform evolution during the Palaeogene: the Prebetic platform as a test for climatically controlled facies shifs

Circum-Tethyan carbonate platform evolution during the Palaeogene: the Prebetic platform as a test for climatically controlled facies shifs

The distribution of selected shallow-benthic biota at circum-Tethyan carbonate platforms demonstrates an excellent proxy forthe impact of latitudinally controlled cooling and variations in the trophic resources during the Palaeogene. In this study, we link andcompare the spatial distribution and abundance of larger benthic foraminifera and hermatypic corals of Tethyan carbonate successionswith new records from the Prebetic platform in SE Spain. Te succession of the Prebetic platform is dominated by larger benthicforaminifera and coralline red algae throughout the Eocene, whereas corals were not recorded until the Late Eocene. Similar biotic trendswere reported from 10 selected circum-Tethyan carbonate platforms. High-resolution carbon isotopes indicate a decoupling from theglobal carbon cycle during the latest Eocene and Early Oligocene. Tus, a possible scenario is demonstrated by the increasing restrictionof the Prebetic shelf due to the continuing convergence of the Betic domain towards Iberia during the Early Oligocene. Based onprevious studies, we refned earlier established Palaeogene platform stages, which refect the evolution of shallow-benthic communitiesduring the transition from global greenhouse to icehouse conditions. Global cooling led to the recovery of coral communities in thenorthern Tethyan realm during the Bartonian (stage IV). A prominent cooling event at the Bartonian Priabonian boundary, associatedwith the demise of many symbiont-bearing larger foraminifera, caused the proliferation of coral reefs in the northern Tethys and therecovery of corals in the southern Tethys (stage V). Te massive temperature drop related to the Oi-1 glaciation represented the base ofplatform stage VI (Early Oligocene ?). Afer a transient platform crisis during the lowermost Oligocene, coral reefs spread throughoutthe Tethys and proliferated with newly emerged larger benthic foraminifera.

___

  • Abdulsamad, E.O. & Barbieri, R. 1999. Foraminiferal distribution and palaeoecological interpretation of the Eocene-Miocene carbonates at Al Jabal al Akhdar (northeast Libya). Journal of Micropalaeontology 18 , 45–65.
  • Accordi, G., Carbone, F. & Pignatti, J.S. 1998. Depositional history of a Paleogene carbonate ramp (Western Cephalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece). Geologica Romana 34, 131–205.
  • Adatte, T., Bolle, M.-P., Kaenel, E.D., Gawenda, P., Winkler, W. & Salis, K.V. 2000. Climatic evolution from Palaeocene to earliest Eocene inferred from clay-minerals: a transect from northern Spain (Zumaya) to southern (Spain, Tunisia) and southeastern Tethys margins (Israel, Negev). In: Schmitz, B., Sundquist, B. & Andreasson, F.P. (eds), Early Paleogene Warm Climates and Biosphere Dynamics. Geological Society, Sweden, GFF, Uppsala, 7–8.
  • Ahlbrandt, T.S. 2001. Te Sirte Basin Province of Libya – Sirte-Zelten Total Petroleum System . US Geological Survey Bulletin 2202-F.
  • Alegret, L., Ortiz, S., Arenillas, I. & Molina, E. 2010. What happens when the ocean is overheated? Te foraminiferal response across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum at the Alamedilla section (Spain). Geological Society of America Bulletin 122, 1616–1624.
  • Alegret, L., Ortiz, S., Orue-Etxebarria, X., Bernaola, G., Baceta, J.I., Monechi, S., Apellaniz, E. & Pujalte, V. 2009. Te Paleocene– Eocene thermal maximum: new data on microfossil turnover at the Zumaia section, Spain. Palaios 24, 318–328.
  • Alonso-Chaves, F.M., Soto, J.I., Orozco, M., Kilias, A.A. & Tranos, M.D. 2004. Tectonic evolution of the Betic Cordillera: an overview. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, 1598– 1607.
  • Angori, E., Bernaola, G. & Monechi, S. 2007. Calcareous nannofossil assemblages and their response to the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum event at diferent latitudes: ODP Site 690 and Tethyan sections. Geological Society of America Special Papers 424 , 69–85.
  • Arthur, M.A., Schlanger, S.O. & Jenkyns, H.C. 1987. Te Cenomanian- Turonian oceanic anoxic event, II. Palaeoceanographic controls on organic-matter production and preservation. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 26 , 401–420.
  • Barattolo, F., Bassi, D. & Romano, R. 2007. Upper Eocene larger foraminiferal–coralline algal facies from the Klokova Mountain (southern continental Greece). Facies 53, 361–375.
  • Bassi, D. 1998. Coralline algal facies and their palaeoenvironments in the Late Eocene of Northern Italy (Calcare di Nago, Trento). Facies 39, 179–202.
  • Bassi, D. 2005. Larger foraminiferal and coralline algal facies in an Upper Eocene storm-infuenced, shallow-water carbonate platform (Colli Berici, north-eastern Italy). Palaegeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 226, 17–35.
  • Beavington-Penney, S.J., Wright, V.P., & Racey, A. 2005. Sediment production and dispersal on foraminifera-dominated early Tertiary ramps: the Eocene El Garia Formation, Tunisia. Sedimentology 52 , 537–569.
  • Beerling, D.J. 2000. Increased terrestrial carbon storage across the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 161, 395–405.
  • Benjamini, C. 1981. Limestone and chalk transitions in the Eocene of the Western Negev, Israel. In : Neale, J.W. & Brasier, M.D. (eds) Microfossils from Recent and Fossil Shelf Seas. British Micropalaeontological Society, 205–213.
  • Benjamini, C. & Zilberman, E. 1979. Late Eocene coral reefs of the western Negev, Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 28, 42–46.
  • Bijl, P.K., Houben, A.J.P., Schouten, S., Bohaty, S.M., Sluis, A., Reichart, G.J., Damste, J.S.S. & Brinkhuis, H. 2010. Transient Middle Eocene atmospheric CO2 and temperature variations. Science 330, 819–821.
  • Bismuth, H. & Bonnefous, J. 1981. Te biostratigraphy of carbonate deposits of the middle and upper Eocene in northeastern of-shore Tunisia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 36 , 191–211.
  • Blankenship, C.L. 1992. Structure and palaeogeography of the external Betic Cordillera, southern Spain. Marine and Petroleum Geology 9, 257–264.
  • Bohaty, S.M. & Zachos, J.C. 2003. Signifcant Southern Ocean warming event in the late middle Eocene. Geology 31, 1017– 1020.
  • Bolle, M.P. & Adatte, T. 2001. Palaeocene-early Eocene climatic evolution in the Tethyan realm: clay mineral evidence. Clay Minerals 36, 249–261.
  • Bosellini, F.R. & Pappazzoni, C.A. 2003. Palaeoecological signifcance of coral-encrusting foraminiferan associations: a case-study from the Upper Eocene of northern Italy. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48, 279–292.
  • Bowen, G.J., Beerling, D.J., Koch, P.L., Zachos, J.C. & Quatilebaum, T. 2004. A humid climate state during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum. Nature 452, 495–499.
  • Brasier, M.D. 1995. Fossil indicators of nutrient levels. 2: Evolution and extinction in relation to oligotrophy. In : Bosence, D.W.J. & Allison, P.A. (eds) Marine Palaeoenvironmental Analysis from Fossils Geological Society Special Publication 83, 133–150.
  • Buxton, M.W.N. & Pedley, H.M. 1989. A standardized model for Tethyan Tertiary carbonate ramps. Journal of the Geological Society, London 146, 746–748.
  • Cahuzac, B. & Poignant, A. 1997. Essai de biozonation de l’Oligo- Miocène dans les bassins européens à l’aide des grands foraminifèrés néritiques. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 168, 155–169.
  • Copper, P. 1994. Ancient reef ecosystem expansion and collapse. Coral Reefs 13, 3–11.
  • Cosovic, V., Drobne, K. & Moro, A. 2004. Paleoenvironmental model for Eocene foraminiferal limestones of the Adriatic carbonate platform (Istrian Peninsula). Facies 50, 61–75.
  • Cramer, B.S., Wright, J.D., Kent, D.V. & Aubrey, M.P. 2003. Orbital climate forcing of d 13C excursions in the late Paleocene-early Eocene (chrons C24n–C25n). Paleoceanography 18, No. 4, 1097, doi:10.1029/2003PA000909, 2003.
  • Daod, H. 2009. Carbonate microfacies analysis of Sinjar Formation from Qara Dagh Mountains, South-west of Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 58 , 752–762.
  • Darga, R. 1992. Geologie, Paläontologie and Palökologie der südostbayrischen unter-Priabonen (Ober-Eozän) Rifalkvorkommen des Eisenrichtersteins bei Hallthurm (Nördlichen Kalkalpen) und des Kirchberg bei Neubeuern (Helvetikum). Münchner Geowissenschafliche Abhandlungen Reihe A, 23, 1–166.
  • De Ruig, M.J., Smit, J., Geel, T. & Kooi, H. 1991. Efects of the Pyrenean collision on the Paleocene stratigraphic evolution of the southern Iberian margin (southeast Spain). Geological Society of America Bulletin 103, 1504–1512.
  • De Conto, R.M., Pollard, D., Wilson, P.A., Pälike, H., Lear, C.H. & Pagani, M. 2008. Tresholds for Cenozoic bipolar glaciation. Nature 455, 652–657.
  • Doblas, M. & Oyarzun, R. 1990. Te late Oligocene-Miocene opening of the North Balearic Sea (Valencia basin, western Mediterranean): a working hypothesis involving mantle upwelling and extensional detachment tectonics. Marine Geology94 , 155–163.
  • Eichenseer, H. & Luterbacher, H. 1992. Te marine Paleogene of the Tremp Region (NE Spain) – depositonal sequences, facies history, biostratigraphy and controlling factors. Facies 27, 119–152.
  • Eldrett, J.S., Greenwood, D.R., Harding, I.C. & Huber, M. 2009. Increased seasonality through the Eocene to Oligocene transition in northern high latitudes. Nature 459, 969–974.
  • Everts, A.J.W. 1991. Interpreting compositional variations of calciturbidites in relation to platform-stratigraphy: an example from the Paleogene of SE Spain. Sedimentary Geology 71, 231– 242.
  • Flügel, E. 2004. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Interpretation and Application . Springer, Berlin.
  • Fontboté, J. & Vera, J. 1983. Introduccion de la Cordillera Betica. In : Comba, J. (ed), Geologia de España Vol. 2. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid, 205–218.
  • Galdeano, C.S.D. 2000. Evolution of Iberia during the Cenozoic with special emphasis on the formation of the Betic Cordillera and its relation with the western Mediterranean. Ciencias da Terra 14 , 9–24.
  • Garcia-Hernandez, M., Lopez-Garrido, A.C., Rivas, P., Sanz de Galdeano, C. & Vera, I.A. 1980. Mesozoic palaeogeographic evolution of the external zones of the Betic Cordillera. Geologie en Mijnbouw 59, 155–168.
  • Gawenda, P., Winkler, W., Schmitz, B. & Adatte, T. 1999. Climate and bioproductivity control on carbonate turbidite sedimentation (Paleocene to earliest Eocene, Gulf of Biscay, Zumaia, Spain). Journal of Sedimentary Research 69, 1253–1261.
  • Geel, T. 1996. Paleogene to Early Miocene sedimentary history of the Sierra Espuna (Malaguide complex, internal zone of the Betic Cordilleras, SE Spain), evidence for extra-Malaguide (Sardinian?) provenance of Oligocene conglomerates: paleogeographic implications. Estudios Geologicos, 52 , 211–230.
  • Geel, T. 2000. Recognition of stratigraphic sequences in carbonate platform and slope deposits: empirical models based on microfacies analysis of Palaeogene deposits in southeastern Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 155, 211–238.
  • Geel, T., Roep, T.B. & Van Hinte, J.E. 1998. Eocene tectono- sedimentary patterns in the Alicante Region (southeastern Spain). In : De Graciansky, P.C., Hardenbol, J., Jaquin, T. & Vail, P.R. (eds), Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins. SEPM Special Publication 60, 289–302.
  • Gibbs, S.J., Bralower, T.J., Bown, P.R., Zachos, J.C. & Bybell, L.M. 2006. Shelf and open-ocean calcareous phytoplankton assemblages across the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum: implications for global productivity gradients. Geology 34, 233–236.
  • Hallock, P. 2005. Global change and modern coral reefs: new opportunities to understand shallow-water carbonate depositional processes. Sedimentary Geology 175, 19–33.
  • Hallock, P., Premoli Silva, I. & Boersma, A. 1991. Similarities between planktonic and larger foraminiferal evolutionary trends through Paleogene paleoceanographic changes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 83, 49–64.
  • Hallock, P. & Schlager, W. 1986. Nutrient excess and the demise of coral reefs and carbonate platforms. Palaios 1, 389–398.
  • Harzhauser, M. 2004. Oligocene gastropod faunas of the Eastern Mediterranean (Mesohellenic Trough/Greece and Esfahan– Sirjan Basin/Central Iran). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg248 , 93–181.
  • Hilbrecht, H., Arthur, M. & Schlanger, S. 1986. Te Cenomanian– Turonian boundary event: sedimentary, faunal and geochemical criteria developed from stratigraphic studies in NW-Germany, In : Walliser, O (ed), Global Bio-Events: A Critical Approach Proceedings of the First International Meeting of the IGCP Project 216: “Global Biological Events in Earth History”. Springer, Berlin, 345–351.
  • Hoentzsch, S., Scheibner, C., Kuss, H.J., Marzouk, A.M., & Rasser, M.W. 2011a. Tectonically driven ramp evolution at the southern margin of the Tethys – the Lower to Middle Eocene succession of the Galala Mountains, Egypt. Facies. 57, 51–72.
  • Hoentzsch, S., Scheibner, C., Guasti, E., Kuss, J., Marzouk, A.M. & Rasser, M. 2011b. Increasing restriction of the Egyptian shelf during the Early Eocene? – New insights from a southern Tethyan carbonate platform. Palaegeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 302, 349–366.
  • Hottinger, L. 1997. Doktor Honoris Causa Lukas Hottinger. Hottinger, L. 1998. Shallow benthic foraminifera at the Paleocene– Eocene boundary. Strata, Serie 1 9, 61–64.
  • Hottinger, L. 2001. Learning from the past? In : Box, E. & Pignatti, S. (eds), Volume IV: Te Living World. Part Two. Academic Press, San Diego, USA, 449–477.
  • İslamoğlu, Y., Harzhauser, M., Gross, M., Jiménez-Moreno, G., Coric, S., Kroh, A., Rögl, F. & van der Made, J. 2010. From Tethys to Eastern Paratethys: Oligocene depositional environments, paleoecology and paleobiogeography of the Trace Basin (NW Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences 99 , 183–200.
  • Ivany, L.C., Patterson, W.P. & Lohmann, K.C. 2000. Cooler winters as a possible cause of mass extinctions at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Nature 407 , 887–890.
  • James, N.P., Collins, L.B., Bone, Y. & Hallock, P. 1999. Subtropical carbonates in a temperate realm: modern sediments on the Southwest Australian shelf. Journal of Sedimentary Research 69 , 1297–1321.
  • Jovane, L., Florindo, F., Coccioni, R., Dinares-Turell, J., Marsili, A., Monechi, S., Roberts, A.P. & Sprovieri, M. 2007. Te middle Eocene climatic optimum event in the Contessa highway section, Umbrian Apennines, Italy. Geological Society of America Bulletin 119, 413–427.
  • Kemper, E. 1966. Beobachtungen an obereozänen Rifen am Nordrand des Ergene-Beckens (Türkisch–Trazien). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 125, 540–554.
  • Kennett, J. & Stott, L. 1991. Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene. Nature 53 , 225–229.
  • Kenter, J.A.M., Reymer, J.J.G. & Van der Straten, H.C. 1990. Facies patterns and subsidence history of the Jumilla-Cieza region (southeastern Spain). Sedimentary Geology 67, 263–280.
  • Kiessling, W. 2001. Paleoclimatic signifcance of Phanerozoic reefs. Geology 29, 751–754.
  • Kiessling, W. 2002. Secular variations in the Phanerozoic reef ecosystem. In : Kiessling, W., Flügel, E. & Golonka, J. (eds), Phanerozoic Reef Patterns. SEPM Special Publication 72, 625– 690.
  • Krasheninnikov, V.A. 2005. Part II – Syria – Paleogene. In : Krasheninnikov, V.A., Hall, J.K., Hirsch, F., Benjamini, C. & Flexer, A. (eds), Geological Framework of the Levant. Volume I: Cyprus and Syria. Historical Productions-Hall, Jerusalem, 299–342.
  • Leinfelder, R.R. 1997. Coral reefs and carbonate platforms within a siliciclastic setting: general aspects and examples from the Late Jurassic of Portugal. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium 2, 1737–1742.
  • Less, G., Özcan, E., Papazzoni, C.A. & Stockar, R. 2008. Te middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53 . 317–350.
  • Less, G., Özcan, E., & Okay, A.I. 2011. Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Trace Basin, NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 20 , 793–845.
  • Less, G., & Özcan, E. 2012. Bartonian–Priabonian larger benthic foraminiferal events in the western Tethys. Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 105 , 129–140.
  • Lopez-Martinez, N. 1989. Tendencias en plaeobiogeografa el futuro de la biogeografa del pasado In : Aguirre, E. (ed), Paleontologia , CSIC, Madrid, 271–299.
  • Louks, R.G., Moody, R.T.J., Bellis, J.K. & Brown, A.A. 1998. Regional depositional setting and pore network systems of the El Garia Formation (Metlaoui Group, Lower Eocene), ofshore Tunisia. In : MacGregor, D.S., Moody, R.T.J. & Clark-Lowes, D.D. (eds), Petroleum Geology of North Africa. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 132 , 355–374.
  • Lourens, L.J., Sluijs, A., Kroon, D., Zachos, J.C., Tomas, E., Röhl, U., Bowles, J. & Raf, I. 2005. Astronomical pacing of late Palaeocene to early Eocene global warming events. Nature 435, 1083–1087.
  • Lowenstam, H.A. & Weiner, S. 1989. On Biomineralization . Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Martin-Chivelet, J. & Chacon, B. 2007. Event stratigraphy of the upper Cretaceous to lower Eocene hemipelagic sequences of the Prebetic Zone (SE Spain): record of the onset of tectonic convergence in a passive continental margin. Sedimentary Geology 197, 141–163.
  • Martinez del Omo, W. 2003. La Plataforma Cretácica del Prebético y su falta de continuidad por el Margen Sudibérico. Cuadernos de Geología Ibérica, Volumen especial, Nuevas perspectivas sobre el Cretácico de España 29 , 111–133.
  • McGowran, B. 2009. Te Australo-Antarctic Gulf and the Auversian facies shif. Geological Society of America Special Papers 452 , 215–240.
  • McGowran, B. & Li, Q. 2000. Evolutionary palaeoecology of Cainozoic foraminifera: Tethys, Indo-Pacifc, Southern Australasia. Historical Biology 15, 3–27.
  • Meulenkamp, J.E. & Sissingh, W. 2000. Early to Middle Ypresian, late Lutetian, late Rupelian, early Burdigalian, early Langhian, late Tortonian, Piacenzian/Gelasian, In : Dercourt, J. & Gaetani, M., et al. (eds), Atlas Peri-Tethys, Palaeogeographical Maps. CCGM/CGMW, Paris, 17–23.
  • Meulenkamp, J.E. & Sissingh, W. 2003. Tertiary palaeogeography and tectonostratigraphic evolution of the northern and southern Peri-Tethys platforms and the intermediate domains of the African-Eurasian convergent plate boundary zone. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 196, 209– 228.
  • Miller, K.G., Kominz, M.A., Browning, J.V., Wright, J.D., Mountain, G.S., Katz, M.E., Sugarman, P.J., Cramer, B.S., Christie-Blick, N. & Pekar, S.F. 2005. Te Phanerozoic record of global sea- level change. Science 310, 1293–1298.
  • Mitchell, S.F., Paul, C.R.C. & Gale, A.S. 1996. Carbon isotopes and sequence stratigraphy. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 104 , 11–24.
  • Molina, E., Angori, E., Arenillas, I., Monechi, S. & Schmitz, B. 2000. Integrated stratigraphy across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary at Campo, Spain. GFF 122, 106–107.
  • Monechi, S. & Tori, F. 2010. Calcareous nannoplankton changes during the middle Eocene in the Agost section (Spain): evidence for hyperthermal events. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2010, San Francisco, Abstracts.
  • Morsilli, M., Bosellini, F.R., Pomar, L., Hallock, P., Aurell, M. & Papazzoni, C.A. 2012. Mesophotic coral buildups in a prodelta setting (Late Eocene, southern Pyrenees, Spain): a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic system. Sedimentology 59, 766–794.
  • Moussavian, E. & Vecsei, A. 1995. Paleocene reef sediments from the Maiella carbonate platform, Italy. Facies 32, 213–222.
  • Nebelsick, J., Rasser, M. & Bassi, D., 2005. Facies dynamics in Eocene to Oligocene circumalpine carbonates. Facies 51 , 197–217.
  • Ortiz, S., Gonzalvo, C., Molina, E., Rodriguez-Tovar, F.J., Uchman, A., Vanderberghe, N. & Zeelmaekers, E. 2008. Palaeoenvironmental turnover across the Ypresian–Lutetian transition at the Agost section, Southeastern Spain: in search of a marker event to defne the stratotype for the base of the Lutetian Stage. Marine Micropaleontology 69, 297–313.
  • Orue-Etxebarria, X., Pujalte, V., Bernaolo, G., Apellaniz, E., Baceta, J.I., Payros, A., Nunez-Betelu, K., Serra-Kiel, J. & Tosquella, J. 2001. Did the Late Paleocene thermal maximum afect the evolution of larger foraminifers? Evidence from calcareous plankton of the Campo Section (Pyrenees, Spain). Marine Micropaleontology 41, 45–71.
  • Özcan, E., Less, G., Okay, A.I., Baldi-Beke, M., Kollanyi, K., & Yılmaz, Ö. 2010. Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Eocene shallow-marine and olistostromal units of the southern part of the Trace Basin, NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 19, 27–77.
  • Özcan, E., Less, G., Báldi-Beke, M., & Kollányi, K. 2010a. Oligocene hyaline larger foraminifera from Keleresdere Section (Mus, Eastern Turkey). Micropaleontology. 56 , 465–493.
  • Payros, A., Pujalte, V., Tosquella, J. & Orue-Etxebarria, X. 2010. Te Eocene storm-dominated foralgal ramp of the western Pyrenees (Urbasa–Andia Formation): An analogue of future shallow-marine carbonate systems? Sedimentary Geology 228, 184–204.
  • Pearson, P.N., Van Dongen, B.E., Nicholas, C.J., Pancost, R.D., Schouten, S., Singano, J.M. & Wade, B.S. 2007. Stable warm tropical climate through the Eocene Epoch. Geology 35, 211– 214.
  • Perrin, C. 1992. Signifcation Écologique des foraminifères acervulinidés et leur role dans la formation de faciès récifaux et organogènes depuis le Paléocène. Geobios 25, 725–751.
  • Perrin, C. 2002. Tertiary: Te emergence of modern reef ecosystems. In : Kiessling, W., Flügel, E. & Golonka, J. (eds), Phanerozoic Reef Patterns, SEPM Special Publication 72, 587–621.
  • Perrin, C. & Kiessling, W. 2010. Latitudinal trends in Cenozoic reef patterns and their relationship to climate. In : Mutti, M., Piller, W. & Betzler, C. (eds), Carbonate systems during the Oligocene– Miocene climatic transition. Wiley-Blackwell, 17–33.
  • Plaziat, J.C. & Perrin, C. 1992. Multikilometer-sized reefs built by foraminifera (Solenomeris) from the early Eocene of the Pyrenean domain (S. France, N. Spain): palaeoecologic relations with coral reefs. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 96, 195–231.
  • Postigo Mijarra, J.M., Barrón, E., Gómez Manzaneque, F. & Morla, C. 2009. Floristic changes in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands (south-west Europe) during the Cenozoic. Journal of Biogeography 36 , 2025–2043.
  • Prothero, D.R. 2003. Chronostratigraphy of the Pacifc Coast marine Eocene-Oligocene transition. In: Prothero, D.R., Ivany, L.C. & Nesbitt, E.A. (eds), From Greenhouse to Icehouse: Te Marine Eocene–Oligocene Transition. Columbia University Press, New York, 1–12.
  • Rasser, M. 1994. Facies and palaeoecology of rhodoliths and acervulinid macroids in the Eocene of the Krappfeld (Austria). Beiträge zur Paläontologie 19, 191–217.
  • Rasser, M.W. & Piller, W.E. 2004. Crustose algal frameworks from the Eocene Alpine Foreland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 206, 21–39.
  • Ryan, K.E., Walsh, J.P., Corbett, D.R. & Winter, A. 2008. A record of recent change in terrestrial sedimentation in a coral-reef environment, La Parguera, Puerto Rico: a response to coastal development? Marine Pollution Bulletin 56 , 1177–1183.
  • Salaj, J.B. & Van Houten, F. 1988. Cenozoic palaeogeographic development of northern Tunisia, with special reference to the stratigraphic record in the Miocene trough. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology64 , 43–57.
  • Scheibner, C., Speijer, R.P. & Marzouk, A.M. 2005. Larger foraminiferal turnover during the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum and paleoclimatic control on the evolution of platform ecosystems. Geology 33, 493–496.
  • Scheibner, C., Rasser, M.W. & Mutti, M. 2007. Facies changes across the Paleocene–Eocene boundary: Te Campo section (Pyrenees, Spain) revisited. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 248, 145–168.
  • Scheibner, C. & Speijer, R.P. 2008a. Decline of coral reefs during late Paleocene to early Eocene global warming. Earth 3, 19–26.
  • Scheibner, C. & Speijer, R.P. 2008b. Late Paleocene–early Eocene Tethyan carbonate platform evolution – A response to long- and short-term paleoclimatic change. Earth-Science Reviews 90, 71–102.
  • Schmitz, B., Pujalte, V. & Nunez-Betelu, K. 2001. Climate and sea-level perturbations during the initial Eocene thermal maximum: evidence from siliciclastic units in the Basque Basin (Emua, Zumaia and Trabakua Pass), northern Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 165, 299–320.
  • Schmitz, B. & Pujalte, V. 2003. Sea-level, humidity, and land-erosion records across the initial Eocene thermal maximum from a continental-marine transect in northern Spain. Geology 31, 689–692.
  • Schuster, F. 1996. Paleoecology of Paleocene and Eocene corals from the Kharga and Farafra Oases (Western Desert, Egypt) and the depositional history of the Paleocene Abu Tartur carbonate platform, Kharga Oasis. Tübinger Geowissenschafliche Arbeiten A31, 1–96.
  • Schuster, F. 1996a. Paleocene coral reefs and related facies associations, Kharga Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt. In : Reitner, J., Neuweiler, F. & Gunkel, F. (eds), Global and Regional Controls on Biogenic Sedimentation. I Reef Evolution, Göttinger Arbeiten zur Geologie und Paläontologie, Sb2, 169–174.
  • Schuster, F. 2002. Scleractinian corals from the Oligocene of the Qom formation (Esfahan–Sirjan fore-arc basin, Iran). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg239, 5–55.
  • Seilacher, A. 1967. Bathymetry of trace fossils. Marine Geology 5, 413–428.
  • Serra-Kiel, J., Hottinger, L., Caus, E., Drobne, K., Ferrandez, C., Jauhri, A.K., Less, G., Pavlovec, R., Pignatti, J., Samso, J.M., Schaub, H., Sirel, E., Strougo, A., Tambareau, Y., Tosquella, J. & Zakrevskaya, E. 1998. Larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 169, 281–299.
  • Swart, P.K. 2008. Global synchronous changes in the carbon isotopic composition of carbonate sediments unrelated to changes in the global carbon cycle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 13741–13745.
  • Taktak, F., Kharbachi, S., Bouaziz, S. & Tlig, S. 2010. Basin dynamics and petroleum potential of the Eocene series in the gulf of Gabes, Tunisia. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 75 , 114–128.
  • Tawadros, E.E. 2001. Te Geology of Egypt and Libya . Balkema, Rotterdam.
  • Thomas, E., Shackleton, N. & Hall, M. 1992. Data report: carbon isotope stratigraphy of Paleogene bulk sediments, Hole 762C (Exmouth Plateau, eastern Indian Ocean), in: Von Rad, U., Haq, B.U. et al. (eds), Proceedings ODP, Scientifc Results. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 897–901.
  • Tomas, E. & Zachos, J.C. 2000. Was the late Paleocene thermal maximum a unique event? GFF 122, 169–170.
  • Thomas, M.F.H., Bodin, S., Redfern, J. & Irving, D.H.B. 2010. A constrained African craton source for the Cenozoic Numidian Flysch: implications for the palaeogeography of the western Mediterranean basin. Earth-Science Reviews 101 , 1–23.
  • Tlig, S., Sahli, S., Er-Raioui, L., Alouani, R. & Mzoughi, M. 2010. Depositional environment controls on petroleum potential of the Eocene in the north of Tunisia. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 71, 91–105.
  • Van de Poel, H.M. & Schlager, W. 1994. Variations in Mesozoic– Cenozoic skeletal mineralogy. Geologie & Mijnbouw 74, 31–51.
  • Vecsei, A. 2003. Nutrient control of the global occurrence of isolated carbonate banks. International Journal of Earth Sciences 92, 476–481.
  • Vecsei, A. & Moussavian, E. 1997. Paleocene reefs on the Maiella platform margin, Italy: an example of the efects of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary events on reefs and carbonate platforms. Facies 36, 123–140.
  • Vecsei, A. & Sanders, D.G.K. 1997. Sea-level highstand and lowstand shedding related to shelf margin aggradation and emersion, Upper Eocene–Oligocene of Maiella carbonate platform, Italy. Sedimentary Geology 112, 219–234.
  • Vergés, J., Fernàndez, M. & Martìnez, A. 2002. Te Pyrenean orogen: pre-, syn-, and post-collisional evolution. In : Rosenbaum, G. & Lister, G. (eds), Reconstruction of the Evolution of the Alpine- Himalayan Orogen . Journal of the Virtual Explorer 8, 55–74.
  • Voigt, S. & Hilbrecht, H. 1997. Late Cretaceous carbon isotope stratigraphy in Europe: correlation and relations with sea level and sediment stability. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 134 , 39–59.
  • Watts, A.B., Piatt, J.P. & Buhl, P. 1993. Tectonic evolution of the Alboran Sea basin. Basin Research 5, 153–177.
  • Wei, W. 2004. Opening of the Australia–Antarctica Gateway as dated by nannofossils. Marine Micropaleontology 52, 133–152.
  • Wielandt, U. 1996. Benthic foraminiferal paleoecology and microfacies investigations of Paleogene sediments from the Farafra Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt. Tübinger Mikropaläontologische Mitteilungen 13, 1–78.
  • Wilson, M.E.J. & Lokier, S.W. 2002. Siliciclastic and volcaniclastic infuences on equatorial carbonates: insights from the Neogene of Indonesia. Sedimentology 49, 583–601.
  • Wilson, M.E.J. & Rosen, B.R. 1998. Implications of paucity of corals in the Paleogene of SE Asia: plate tectonics or centre of origin. In : Hall, R. & Holloway, J.D. (eds), Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 165–195.
  • Wood, R. 1999. Reef Evolution . Oxford University Press. Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Tomas, E. & Billups, K. 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science 292, 686–693.
  • Zachos, J.C., Dickens, G.R. & Zeebe, R.E. 2008. An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics. Nature 451, 279–283.
  • Zamagni, J., Mutti, M. & Kosir, A. 2008. Evolution of shallow benthic communities during the Late Paleocene–earliest Eocene transition in the Northern Tethys (SW Slovenia). Facies 54, 25–43.
  • Zanazzi, A., Kohn, M.J., MacFadden, B.J. & Terry, D.O. 2007. Large temperature drop across the Eocene–Oligocene transition in central North America. Nature 445 , 639–642.
  • Ziegler, M. 2001. Late Permian to Holocene paleofacies evolution of the Arabian Plate and its hydrocarbon occurrences. GeoArabia 6 , 445–505.
  • Ziegler, P.A. 1992. Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe (2nd ed). Geological Society of London, London.
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences-Cover
  • ISSN: 1300-0985
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 6 Sayı
  • Yayıncı: TÜBİTAK
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

On the surface circulation of the Marmara Sea as deduced from drifters

Riccardo GERIN, Pierre-marie POULAIN, Şükrü Turan BEŞİKTEPE, Pietro ZANASCA

Circum-Tethyan carbonate platform evolution during the Palaeogene: the Prebetic platform as a test for climatically controlled facies shifts

Stefan HÖNTZSCH, Christian SCHEIBNER, Johannes P. BROCK, Jochen KUSS

Investigation of the groundwater efect on slow-motion landslides by using dynamic Kalman fltering method with GPS: Koyulhisar town center

Kemal Özgür HASTAOĞLU

First 15 probability-based multidimensional tectonic discrimination diagrams for intermediate magmas and their robustness against postemplacement compositional changes and petrogenetic processes

Surendra P. VERMA, Sanjeet K. VERMA

Circum-Tethyan carbonate platform evolution during the Palaeogene: the Prebetic platform as a test for climatically controlled facies shifs

Stefan HÖNTZSCH, Christian SCHEIBNER, P. Johannes BROCK, Jochen KUSS

Impact of Pb-Zn mining activity on surfcial sediments of Lake Kalimanci (FYR Macedonia)

Nastja Rogan SMUC, Tadej DOLENEC, Todor SERAFIMOVSKI, Matej DOLENEC, Petra VRHOVNIK

Impact of Pb-Zn mining activity on surficial sediments of Lake Kalimanci(FYR Macedonia)

Petra VRHOVNIK, Nastja Rogan SMUC, Tadej DOLENEC, Todor SERAFIMOVSKI, Matej DOLENEC

Computation of grade values of sediment-hosted barite deposits in northeastern Isparta (western Turkey)

Numan ELMAS, Uğur ŞAHİN

Investigation of the groundwater effect on slow-motion landslides by using dynamic Kalman filtering method with GPS: Koyulhisar town center

Kemal Özgür HASTAOĞLU

On the surface circulation of the Marmara Sea as deduced from drifers

Şükrü Turan BEŞİKTEPE, Pietro ZANASCA, Riccardo GERIN, Pierre-Marie POULAIN