Preparation of ZnO nanoparticles modified with silane coupling-agents to fabricate anti-UV Poly(vinyl chloride) films

The uses of inorganic metal oxide as ultraviolet (UV) absorbers have potential to increase the production of UV protection and can also overcome the disadvantages of organic molecules. In this article, we report an effective technique to fabricating polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films with well UV shielding efficiency. Surface modification of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) with different silane coupling-agents were achieved, and through solution casting technique dispersed within the PVC matrix. Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and UV spectrophotometer were applied to study the structures, dispersions, and optical properties. The results showed that the functionalized ZnO NPs could be well dispersed in PVC and endow the polymer composite films with significantly improved anti-UV capability. The facile processing and obtained properties of PVC composites have shown potential for low cost and environmentally sustainable applications in the UV protection field.

PDF

___

1. Choi W, Chung JW, Kwak SY. Unentangled star-shape poly(ε-caprolactone)s as phthalate-free PVC plasticizers designed for non-toxicity and improved migration resistance. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2014; 6: 11118-11128. doi: 10.1021/am500740v
2. Hu Z, Wang S, Zhang X, Fan G, Lv Y et al. Simultaneous Enhancements of Ultraviolet-Shielding Properties and Thermal Stability/ Photostability of Poly(vinyl chloride) via Incorporation of Defect-Rich $CeO_2$ Nanoparticles. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2020; 59: 9959-9968. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00196
3. Kumar S. Recent developments of biobased plasticizers and their effect on mechanical and thermal properties of poly (vinyl chloride): A review. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2019; 58: 11659-11672. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02080
4. Zhang L, Cai W, Chen WY, Zhang L, Hu K et al. Synthesis of AzPhchitosan-bifenthrin-PVC to protect cables against termites. Carbohydrate Polymers 2016; 139: 50-60. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.075
5. Shadpour M, Sima S. Ultrasonic-promoted rapid preparation of $PVC/TiO_2-BSA$ nanocomposites: Characterization and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. Ultrasonics - Sonochemistry 2018; 41: 361–374. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.09.052
6. Chen Y, Zhang S, Han X, Zhang X, Yi M et al. Catalytic dechlorination and charring reaction of polyvinyl chloride by CuAl layered double hydroxide. Energy Fuels 2018; 32: 2407-2413. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03271
7. Guo XJ, Xue CH, Li M, Li X, Ma JZ. Fabrication of Robust, Superhydrophobic, Electrically Conductive and UV-blocking Fabrics via Layerby-layer Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes. RSC Advances 2018; 7: 25560. doi: 10.1039/C9TA03264A
8. Ates ES, Unalan HE. Zinc Oxide Nanowire Enhanced Multifunctional Coatings for Cotton Fabrics. Thin Solid Films 2012; 520: 4658. doi: 10.1016/ j.tsf.2011.10.073
9. Taha TA. Optical and thermogravimetric analysis of $Pb_3O_4$ /PVC nanocomposites. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2017; 28: 12108-12114. doi: 10.1007/s10854-017-7024-1
10. Zheng G, Liu W, Wei D, Fei T. Preparation of a novel heat stabilizer for poly (vinyl chloride)-Zn, Mg, Al-layered double hydroxide. Polymer Composites 2010; 31: 928-932. doi: 10.1002/pc.20878
11. Zhang H, Zou Y, Sun Y, Sun L, Xu F et al. A novel thermal-insulating film incorporating microencapsulated phase-change materials for temperature regulation and $nano-TiO_2$ for UV-blocking. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2015; 137: 210-218. doi: 10.1016/j. solmat.2015.02.018
12. Yousif E, Salimon J, Salih N, Jawad A, Win YF. New stabilizers for PVC based on some diorganotin (IV) complexes with benzamidoleucine. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 2016; 9: S1394-S1401. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.03.004
13. Sil D, Chakrabarti S. Photocatalytic degradation of PVC-ZnO composite film under tropical sunlight and artificial UV radiation: A comparative study. Solar Energy 2010; 84: 476-485. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2009.09.012
14. Mehmandoust SG, Alizadeh R, Babaluo AA. Kinetic study of the poly (vinyl chloride)/titanium dioxide nanocomposites photodegradation under accelerated ultraviolet and visible light exposure. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 2014; 25: 799-808. doi: 10.1002/pat.3298
15. Xing Q, Buono P, Ruch D, Dubois P, Wu L et al. Biodegradable UV-blocking films through core−shell lignin-melanin nanoparticles in poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate). ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2019; 7: 4147-4157. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05755
16. Rajendra R, Balakumar C, Ahammed H, Jayakumar S, Vaideki K et al. Use of zinc oxide nanoparticles for production of antimicrobial textiles. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology 2010; 2: 202-298. doi:10.4314/ijest.v2i1.59113
17. Ciğeroğlu Z. Structural and adsorption behaviour of ZnO/aminated SWCNT-COOH for malachite green removal: face-centred central composite design. Turkish Journal of Chemistry 2021; 45: 1224-1236. doi: 10.3906/kim-2011-38
18. Ji M, Chen L, Que J, Zheng L, Chen Z et al. Effects of transition metal oxides on pyrolysis properties of PVC Process. Safety and Environmental Protection 2020; 140: 211-220. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2020.04.010
19. Lee JH, Park EJ, Kim DH, Jeong MG, Kim YD. Superhydrophobic surfaces with photocatalytic activity under UV and visible light irradiation. Catalysis Today 2016; 260: 32. doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.05.020
20. Im YM, Oh TH, Nathanael JA, Jang SS. Effect of ZnO nanoparticles morphology on UV blocking of poly(vinyl alcohol)/ZnO composite nanofibers. Materials Letters 2015; 147: 20-24. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.004
21. Xie S, Zhao J, Zhang B, Wang Z, Ma H et al. Graphene Oxide Transparent Hybrid Film and Its Ultraviolet Shielding Property. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2015; 7 (32): 17558-17564. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b04231
22. Wang YD, Ma CL, Sun XD, Li HD. Preparation of nanocrystalline metal oxide powders with the surfactant-mediated method. Inorganic Chemistry Communications 2002; 5 (10): 751-755. doi: 10.1016/S1387-7003(02)00546-4
23. Dong KY. A study of optothermal and cytotoxic properties of silica coated Au nanorods. Materials Letters 2011; 65 (15): 2319-2321. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2011.05.010
24. Fang, HP, Wu YH, Lin HC. Synthesis and study of novel supramolecular nanocomposites containing aryl-imidazo-phenanthroline-based metallo-polymers (Hdonors) and surface-modified ZnO nanoparticles (H-acceptors). Tetrahedron 2006; 69: 293-301. doi: 10.1016/j. tet.2012.10.031
25. Tang E, Cheng G, Pang X, Ma X, Xing F. Synthesis of nano-ZnO/poly(methyl methacrylate) composite microsphere through emulsion polymerization and its UV-shielding property. Colloid and Polymer Science 2006; 284 (4): 422–428. doi: 10.1007/s00396-005-1389-z
26. Dias AMA, Costa S, Simões PN, de Sousa HC. Thermal stability and non-isothermal kinetic analysis of suspension poly (vinyl chloride) films formulated with phosphonium-based ionic liquids. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2019; 58: 8525-8535. doi: 10.1021/ acs.iecr.9b00548
27. Duan Z, Zhao Z, Luo D, Zhao M, Zhao G. A Facial Approach Combining Photosensitive Sol-gel with Self-assembly Method to Fabricate Superhydrophobic $TiO_2$ Films with Patterned Surface Structure. Applied Surface Science 2016; 360: 1030. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.114
28. Zhang L, Cole JM. Anchoring Groups for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2015; 7: 3427-3455. doi: 10.1021/ am507334m
29. Rakibuddin M, Ananthakrishnan R. Novel nano coordination polymer based synthesis of porous ZnO hexagonal nanodisk for higher gas sorption and photocatalytic activities. Applied Surface Science. 2016; 362: 265-273. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.206
30. Ramasamy M, Yu JK, Gao H, Dong KY, An JHA. Synthesis of silica coated zinc oxide–poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) matrix and its UV shielding evaluation. Materials Research Bulletin 2014; 51: 85-91. doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.12.004
31. Huang XJ, Zeng XF, Wang JX, Chen JF. Transparent dispersions of monodispersed ZnO nanoparticles with ultrahigh content and stability for polymer nanocomposite film with excellent optical properties. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2018; 57 (12): 4253-4260. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04878
32. Li YQ, Fu SY, Mai YW. Preparation and characterization of transparent ZnO/ epoxy nanocomposites with high-UV shielding efficiency. Polymer 2006; 47 (6): 2127-2132. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.01.071
33. Demir MM, Koynov K, AkbeyÜ, Bubeck C, Park I et al. Optical properties of composites of PMMA and surface-modified zincite nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2007; 40 (4): 1089-1100. doi: 10.1021/ma062184t
34. Kango S, Kalia S, Celli A, Njuguna J, Habibi Y et al. Surface modification of inorganic nanoparticles for development of organic–inorganic nanocomposites-A review. Progress in Polymer Science 2013; 38: 1232-1261. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.02.003
35. Mohammed MAA, Chen Z, Li K, Zhang B. The study of $Fe_3O_4@SiO_2-NH_2$ nano-magnetic composite modified by glutaraldehyde 1 to immobilized penicillin G acylase. Turkish Journal of Chemistry online: 14.09.2021. doi: 10.3906/kim-2103-60
36. Ömer FE, Berdan U, Hilal DK. Remarkable bismuth-gold alloy decorated on MWCNT for glucose electrooxidation: the effect of bismuth promotion and optimization via response surface methodology. Turkish Journal of Chemistry 2021; 45: 1173-1188. doi: 10.3906/kim2102-16
37. Abdullah AN, Nisrin A, Sobhy S, Ibrahim SM, Metwally. Effect of gamma irradiation on the mechanical properties of PVC/ZnO polymer nanocomposite. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 2017; 10: 165-171. doi: 10.1016/j.jrras.2017.03.004
38. Purcar V, Şomoghi R, Ni¸tu SG, Nicolae C, Alexandrescu E et al. The Effect of Different Coupling Agents on Nano-ZnO Materials Obtained via the Sol-Gel Process. Nanomaterials 2017; 7 (12): 439. doi: 10.3390/nano7120439
39. Hong SM, Kim SH, Lee KB. Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide on 3-Aminopropyl- Triethoxysilane Modified Graphite Oxide. Energy & Fuels 2013; 27 (6): 3358-3363. doi: 10.1021/ef400467w
40. Samira M, Ahmed M, Yves G, Yazid M, Antoine K et al. Effect of various chemical modifications of date palm fibers (DPFs) on the thermophysical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites, Industrial Crops and Products 2021; 171: 113974. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113974
41. Iqbal AS, Takeshi F, Masahide S, Noboru S. Microwave-assisted silica coating and photocatalytic activities of ZnO nanoparticles. Materials Research Bulletin 2008; 43 (12): 3416-3424 doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2008.02.002
42. Cao Y, Xu P, Lv P, Lemstra PJ, Cai X et al. Excellent UV Resistance of Polylactide by Interfacial Stereocomplexation with Double-ShellStructured $TiO_2$ Nanohybrids. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020; 12 (43): 49090−49100. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c14423
43. Wang M, Xia J, Jiang J, Li S, Huang K et al. A novel liquid Ca/Zn thermal stabilizer synthesized from tung-maleic anhydride and its effects on thermal stability and mechanical properties of PVC. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2016; 133: 136-143. doi: 10.1016/j. polymdegradstab.2016.08.010
44. Malimabe MA, Dejene BF, Swart HC, Motloung SV, Koao LF. Characterization of the incorporated ZnO doped and co-doped with $Ce^{3+} and Eu^{3+}$ nanophosphor powders into PVC polymer matrix. Journal of Molecular Structure 2020; 1202: 127339. doi: 10.1016/j. molstruc.2019.127339
45. Wang Y, Li T, Ma P, Bai H, Xie Y et al. Simultaneous enhancements of UV-shielding properties and photostability of poly (vinyl alcohol) via incorporation of sepia eumelanin. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2016; 4: 2252−2258. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01734
46. Greco A, Ferrari F, Maffezzoli A. UV and thermal stability of soft PVC plasticized with cardanol derivatives. Journal of Cleaner Production 2017; 164: 757-764. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.009
47. Carneiro JO, Teixeira V, Nascimento JHO, Neves J, Tavares PB. Photocatalytic Activity and UV-Protection of $TiO_2$ Nanocoatings on Poly (Lactic Acid) Fibres Deposited by Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2011; 11: 8979-8985. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2011.3514