Awara Mohammed A.M.A. KAWARTY, Lütfi BEHÇET, Uğur ÇAKILCIOĞLU

An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Ballakayati (Erbil, North Iraq)

This study aims to identify wild plants used for medical purposes by local people of the Ballakayati district of Erbil in NorthIraq, and to determine the local names and uses of those plants. The study was carried out for approximately 3 years between 2016 and2018. During this period of time, 85 plant specimens were collected. Demographic characteristics of the participants, names of thelocal plants, used parts of these plants and their preparation methods were investigated and recorded. In the literature analysis of theplants used in this study, 85 plants were found to be used for medicinal purposes while 3 plants were not found in the literature records.Local plant names differ due to local dialects in North Iraq. Locals benefit from the wild plants growing in their districts. In this area,it was found that locals use 85 plants from 38 families for curative purposes. The medicinal plants were used for the treatment of manydiseases, mostly for the treatment of a cold, shortness of breath, and heart and gastrointestinal diseases. It was determined that theplants we identified in this study were used directly or as infusion or decoction. The most considerable medicinal plants were Menthalongifolia (L.) L. subsp. noeana (Briq.) Briq. (UV:0.38), Urtica dioica L. (UV:0.38). Furthermore, plants used for medicinal purposes aredried and stored for using them in winter. The medicinal use of Rhaponticum repens (L.) Hidalgo and Tanacetum polycephalum Sch.Bip.subsp. argyrophyllum (K.Koch) Podlech. that we found in this area were recorded for the first time. Different use of those plants wereobserved in this study.

PDF

___

1. Abu-Rabia A (2015). Key plants in fighting cancer in the Middle East. Chinese Medicine 6: 124.
2. Ahmed HM (2016). Ethnopharmacobotanical study on the medicinal plants used by herbalists in Sulaymaniyah Province, Kurdistan, Iraq. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 12: 1-17.
3. Akbulut S, Bayramoglu MM (2013). The trade and use of some medical and aromatic herbs in Turkey. Studies Ethno Medicines 7: 67-77.
4. Alrawi A, Chaakravarty HL (1964). Medicinal plants of Iraq. Baghdad, Iraq: Ministry of Agriculture Technology 146.
5. Behçet L, Arık M (2013). An ethnobotanical investigation in East Anatolia Turkey. Turkish Journal of Nature and Science 2: 1-15.
6. Boesch HH (1939). El-Iraq. Journal of Economic Geography 15 (4): 325-361.
7. Büechi S, Vögelin R, Von Eiff MM, Ramos M, Melzer J (2005). Open trial to assess aspects of safety and efficacy of a combined herbal cough syrup with ivy and thyme. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 12: 328-332.
8. Bulut G, Biçer M, Tuzlacı E (2016). The folk medicinal plants of Yüksekova (Hakkari-Turkey). Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy Istanbul University 46: 115-124.
9. Cakilcioglu U, Khatun S, Turkoglu I, Hayta S (2011). Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants in Maden (Elazig-Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137: 469-486.
10. Davis PH (1965–1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol 1-9. Edinburg, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
11. Davis PH, Mill RR, Tan K (1988). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol 10. Edinburg, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
12. Deliorman DO, Hartevioğlu A, Küpeli E, Yeşilada E (2007). In vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of the crude extract and fractions from Rosa canina L. fruits. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 112: 394-400.
13. Erecevit P, Kırbağ S (2017). Determination of some biological properties over Kluyveromyces lactis 1 of Rheum ribes L. (Rhubarb) as a traditional medicinal and food plant. International Journal of Nature and Life Science 1: 22-31.
14. Gruenwald J, Graubaum HJ, Busch R (2005). Efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of thyme and primrose root in patients with acute bronchitis. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung 55: 669-676.
15. Guest E, Al-Rawi A (1966). Flora of Iraq, Vol.1. Baghdad, Iraq: Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Iraq
16. Gülçin İ, Küfrevioğlu OI, Oktay M, Büyükokuroğlu ME (2004). Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer and analgesic activities of nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90: 205-215.
17. Güner A, Özhatay N, Ekim T, Başer KHC (2000). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 11. Edinburg, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
18. Gürbüz İ, Özkan AMG, Akaydın, G, Salihoğlu, E, Günbatan, T, Demirci, F, Yeşilada E (2019). Folk medicine in Düzce Province (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Botany 43: 769-784.
19. Hadizadeh I, Peivastegan B, Kolahi M (2009). Antifungal activity of nettle (Urtica dioica L.), colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad), oleander (Nerium oleander L.) and konar (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) extracts on plants pathogenic fungi. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 12: 58-63.
20. Harshberger JW (1896). The purposes of ethno-botany. Botanical Gazette 21: 146-154.
21. Hayta S, Polat R, Selvi S (2014). Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Elazığ (Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 154: 613-623.
22. Kandemir N (2008). Ordu çevresinde yayılış gösteren Arum L. (Araceae) cinsinin bazı türleri üzerinde morfolojik ve anatomic incelemeler. Biyolojik Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi 1: 37-43.
23. Karaköse M, Akbulut S, Özkan, ZC (2019). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Torul District, Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 26: 29-37.
24. Karaköse M, Polat R, Rahman MO, Çakılcıoğlu U (2018). Traditional honey production and bee flora of Espiye, Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 25: 79-91.
25. Kaval I, Behçet L, Çakılcıoğlu U (2014). Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in Geçitli and its surrounding (HakkariTurkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155: 171-184.
26. Kaval I, Behçet L, Çakılcıoğlu U (2015). Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Geçitli (Hakkari, Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 14: 183-190.
27. Kırbağ S, Zengin F (2006). Antimicrobial activities of some medical plants in Elazığ region. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Science 16: 77-80.
28. Koçyiğit M, Özhatay N (2006). Wild plants used as medicinal purpose in Yalova (Northwest Turkey). Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3: 91-103.
29. Korkmaz M, Karakuş S, Selvi S, Çakılcıoğlu U (2016). Traditional knowledge on wild plants in Üzümlü (ErzincanTurkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 15: 538-545.
30. Leto C, Tuttolomondo T, La Bella S, Licata M (2013). Ethnobotanical study in the Madonie Regional Park (Central Sicily, Italy). Medicinal use of wild shrub and herbaceous plant species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 146: 90-112.
31. Mati E, de Boer H (2010). Contemporary knowledge of dye plant species and natural dye use in Kurdish Autonomous Region Iraq. Economic Botany 64: 137-148.
32. Mati E, de Boer H (2011). Ethnobotany and trade of medicinal plants in the Qaysari Market, Kurdish Autonomous Region, Iraq. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 133: 490-510.
33. Mikaeili A, Karimi I, Modaresi M, Bagherinasab Z (2013). Assessment of antidermatophytic activities of Urtica dioica L. against Microsporum canis in a guinea pig model. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12: 997-1002.
34. Mosaddegh M, Naghibi F, Moazzeni H, Pirani A,Esmaeili S (2012). Ethnobotanical survey of herbal remedies traditionally used in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province of Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 141: 80-95.
35. Mükemre M, Behçet L, Çakılcıoğlu U (2015). Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in villages of Çatak (Van-Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 166: 361-374.
36. Muthu C, Ayyanar M, Raja N, Ignacimuthu S (2006). Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2: 43.
37. Nadiroğlu M, Behçet L (2018). Traditional food uses of wild plants among the Karlıova (Bingöl-Turkey). International Journal of Nature and Life Science 2: 57-71.
38. Paşayeva L, Köngül E, Karatoprak GŞ, Tugay O (2017). Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant effects of Eryngium billardieri Delar. Extracts. Journal of Health Sciences 26: 18-23.
39. Pawera L, Verner V, Termote C, Sodombekov I, Kandakov A, Karabaev N, Polesny Z (2016). Medical ethnobotany of herbal practitioners in the Turkestan Range, Southwestern Kyrgyzstan. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 85: 3483.
40. Polat R, Cakilcioglu U, Satıl F (2013). Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Solhan (Bingöl-Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 148: 951-963.
41. Polat R, Güner B, Yüce-Babacan E, Çakılcıoğlu U. (2017). Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Bingöl (Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 16: 378- 384.
42. Polat R, Satıl F (2012). An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Edremit Gulf (Balıkesir–Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139: 626-641.
43. Rechinger KH (1965-1977). Flora of Iranica. Graz, Austria: Akademisch Druck- u. Verlangsanstalt.
44. Saman AA, Ali AA (2015). Ethnobotany of the Hawraman Region of Kurdistan Iraq. Harvard Papers in Botany 20: 85-89.
45. Sargın SA, Akçicek E, Selvi S (2013). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150: 860- 874.
46. Selvi S, Polat R, Yüce Babacan E, Rahman MO, Çakılcıoğlu U (2019). Micromorphological and anatomical investigation on six species of Onosma L. (Boraginaceae) from Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 26: 69-81.
47. Tetik F, Civelek S, Cakilcioglu U (2013). Traditional uses of some medicinal plants in Malatya (Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 146: 331-346.
48. Towsend CC, Guest E (1966-1985). Flora of Iraq, Vol. 1–4. Baghdad, Iraq: Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Iraq.
49. Trotter RT, Logan MH (1986). Informant consensus: a new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. In: Plants in Indigenous Medicine and Diet, Behavioural Approaches. Etkin NL (ed.). New York, NY, USA: Redgrave Publishing Company.
50. Ugurlu E, Secmen O (2008). Medicinal plants popularly used in the villages of Yunt Mountain Manisa-Turkey. Fitoterapia 79: 126-131.
51. Yapar Y, Behçet L (2018). The flora of Hiro Plateau (AdaklıBingöl/ Turkey) and its surroundings. Biological Diversity and Conservation 11: 126-140.
52. Yeşilada E, Tanaka S, Tabata M, Sezik E (1989). The antiinflammatory activity of the fractions from Eryngium billardieri in mice. Phytotherapy Research 3: 38-40.
53. Yüce Babacan E, Vitek E, Çakılcıoğlu U (2017). Contributions to the Flora of Tunceli (Turkey). International Journal of Nature and Life Science 1: 39-66.
54. Zohary M (1966-1986). Flora Palaestina. Vol 1–4. Israel: Jerusalem Academic Press.