Muhammet KARAŞAHİN, Özgür DÜNDAR, Ahmet SAMANCI

Tarımda Verim Artışı ve Tasarrufun Yolu: Akıllı Sulama ve Gübreleme

Toplam uygulanan azotlu gübrelerin yaklaşık olarak sadece %50'si bitkiler tarafından alınabilmektedir. Dinamik fertigasyon uygulamalarının gübre kullanım etkinliğinde önemli artış sağladığı görülmüştür. Dinamik fertigasyon yaklaşımında su ve bitki besin elementleri bitki kuru madde üretimi ve kök hacmine göre günlük hesap edilerek belirlenmektedir. Akıllı tarım üretimin her aşamasında değişimleri ölçme ve gözlemleme üzerine kurulu bilgi temelli karar verme yaklaşımıdır. Bu sistemde bitkinin günlük su ve gübre ihtiyaçları karşılandığı için aşırı sulama ve gübrelemenin önüne geçilerek girdi kullanımında tasarruf sağlanmakta, bitki stres şartlarına maruz kalmadığı için verim artışları elde edilmektedir. Sulama ile bitkisel üretimi 5 kat artırmak mümkündür, ancak su kaynaklarının azalması ve hızlı büyüme nedeniyle kalitesinin bozulması tatlı su kaynaklarının en büyük kullanıcısı olan tarımda su kullanımını kısıtlama yoluna gidilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Su tasarrufu sağlayan sulama teknikleri ile akıllı sulama ve gübreleme yönetim uygulamalarıyla su ve gübre kullanım etkinliğinin artırılması böylece çevre üzerine olan olumsuz etkilerin en aza indirilmesinde ve artan nüfusun gıda ihtiyacının karşılanmasında kaçınılmaz olan verim artışlarını yakalamada vazgeçilmez stratejilerdendir. Çalışmada akıllı sulama ve gübreleme ile ilgili yapılmış araştırmalar ve uygulamalara geniş kapsamda yer verilmeye çalışılarak tarımda daha az su ve gübre kullanımı ile daha yüksek verim elde etmeye yönelik ışık tutulmaya çalışılmıştır.

The Way of Yield Increasing and Cost Reducing in Agriculture: Smart Irrigation and Fertigation

The plants can only use the around 50% of the applied nitrogenous fertilizer. It has beenobserved that the dynamic fertigation applications help to improve the fertilizereffectiveness. In the dynamic fertigation approach, water and plant nutritional elementsare calculated and determined according to the plant dry matter generation rate and rootvolume. Smart agriculture is an knowledge based decision making approach establishedupon quantification and observations of the changes in each level of production. With thissystem, saving can be provided by only supplying the plant’s daily need of water andfertilizer and preventing the excess irrigation and fertilizing, so yield increase can beachieved by keeping away the plants from the stress conditions. Agricultural productioncan be increased five times by irrigation but shortening in water sources and decrease inquality reasoned by fast growing are restricted of irrigation which is the main user offreshwater sources. Increasing the water and fertilizer effectiveness with the smartirrigation techniques which can save water and fertilization management applications arethe essential strategies to be able to reach the yield increase in order to supply thegrowing food needs of developing population and help to minimize the environmentaldamage. In the study, the researches and applications related to smart irrigation andfertilization were tried to be included in a wide scope and tried to keep a light to obtainhigher yield with less water and fertilizer use in agriculture.

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