Spirulina (Arthrospira): Kanatlı Kümes Hayvanlarında Yem Katkı Maddesi Olarak Kullanılma Potansiyeli

Siyanobakteri olan Spirulina platensis önemli bir gıda katkı maddesidir. Fotosentetik bir mikroalg olan Spirulina platensis yüksek oranda ham protein (%62-70) içeriğine sahiptir ayrıca kıymetli sekonder metabolitleri de içerir. Yapısında bulunan proteinler ağırlıklı olarak esansiyel amino asitlerden oluşur. Kanatlı hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde tüketici talepleri doğrultusunda üreticiler sentetik katkı maddeleri yerine doğal ve fonksiyonel besin katkı maddelerine yönelmiştir. Kanatlı kümes hayvanları üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda Spirulina’ nın büyüme ve gelişmeyi desteklediği, kuluçka ve kuluçka sonrası performansı arttırdığı, yumurta sarı skoru ve ürün kalitesini iyileştirdiği, hastalıklara karşı direnç kazandırdığı dolayısıyla fonksiyonel bir yem katkı maddesi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Spirulina mikroalginin besin değeri ve kompozisyonu açıklanarak fonksiyonelliği ve kanatlı kümes hayvanları (etlik piliç, yumurtacı tavuk ve damızlık) rasyonlarında uygulanabilirliği çalışılmıştır.

Spirulina (Arthrospira): Potential Application as a Poultry Feed Supplement

Spirulina platensis, which cyanobacteria, is a crucial functional food additive. Spirulina platensis which is a photosynthetic microalgae, contains high crude protein content (62-70%) as well as precious metabolites. These proteins are mainly composed of essential amino acids. In line with the manufacture's demands, poultry producers use to natural, functional additives rather than synthetic additives. Studies on poultry have shown that Spirulina is a natural and functional nutrient. It was determined that Spirulina supports growth and development, increases fertility, improves carcase colour and egg yolk colour score, provides resistance to animal against diseases, and improves product quality. In this study were presented, the nutritional values of the microalgae species Spirulina were explained and the usability of the past and current sources and poultry rations. The basis for application as a poultry (broiler and laying hens) feed supplement is discussed.

PDF

___

Açıkgöz Z, Önenç S. 2006. Fonksiyonel yumurta üretimi. Hayvansal Üretim, 47(1): 36-46.
Akatsuka I. 1990. Introduction to applied phycology. Balogh Scientific Books. ISBN: 9051030525
Austic RE, Mustafa A, Jung B, Gatrell S, Lei XG. 2013. Potential and limitation of a new defatted diatom microalgal biomass in replacing soybean meal and corn in diets for broiler chickens. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 61:7341- 48. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf401957z
Avila E, Cuca M. 1974. Efectividad de la alga Spirulina geitleri sobre la pigmentacion de la yema de huevo. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias 1(26):47.
Belay A, Ota Y, Miyakawa K, Shimamatsu H. 1993. Current knowledge on potential health benefits of Spirulina. Journal of applied Phycology, 5(2), 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00004024
Belay A. 2013. Biology and industrial production of Arthrospira (Spirulina). Handbook of microalgal culture: applied phycology and biotechnology, John Wiley & Sons. s. 339- 358. ISBN:9781118567166
Bhat VB, Madyastha, K M. 2001. Scavenging of peroxynitrite by phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin from Spirulina platensis: protection against oxidative damage to DNA. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 285(2), 262-266. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5195.
Borowitzka MA, Borowitzka, LJ. 1988. Micro-algal biotechnology. Cambridge University Press. 47(2), 181-182. ISBN 0-521-323495
Çelik L, Kutlu HR, Şahan Z, Kiraz AB, Serbester U, Tekeli, A, Hesenov A. 2012. Yumurta tavukları rasyonlarına ilave edilen likopenin yumurtanın kolesterol seviyesi ve yağ asitleri komposizyonuna etkileri. Hayvansal Üretim, 53(2), 1-7.
Cherian G. 2015. Nutrition and metabolism in poultry: role of lipids in early diet. Journal of animal science and biotechnology, 6(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104- 015-0029-9
Cohen Z, Qiang HU, Zheungu H, Richond, A. 1997. Enhancement of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) production by manipulating algal density of outdoor cultures of Monodus subterraneus (Eustigmatophyta) and Spirulina platensis (Cyanobacteria). European Journal of Phycology, 32(1), 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541449710001719395
Cohen Z. 2017. Products from microalgae. In Handbook of Microalgal Mass Culture, CRC Press, 421-454. ISBN: 9780203712405
Dogan SC, Baylan M, Erdogan Z, Akpınar GÇ, Küçükgül , Düzgüner V. 2016. Performance, egg quality and serum parameters of Japanese quails fed diet supplemented with Spirulina platensis. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 25 (12a): 5857-62.
Evans AM, Smith DL, Moritz JS. 2015. Effects of algae incorporation into broiler starter diet formulations on nutrient digestibility and 3 to 21 d bird performance. Journal of applied poultry research, 24(2), 206-214. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfv027
Ferket PR, Van Heugten E, Van Kempen TATG, Angel R. 2002. Nutritional strategies to reduce environmental emissions from nonruminants. Journal of Animal Science, 80(2), E168-E182. https://doi.org/10.2527/animalsci2002.80E-Suppl_2E168x
Glazer AN. 1994. Phycobiliproteins family of valuable, widely used fluorophores. Journal of Applied Phycology, 6(2), 105- 112. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02186064
Gružauskas R, Lekavičius R, Racevičiūtė-Stupelienė A, Šašytė V, Tėvelis, V, Švirmickas GJ. 2004. Viščiukų broilerių virškinimo procesų optimizavimas simbiotiniais preparatais. Veterinarija ir zootechnika, 28(50), 51-56.
Herber SM, Van Elswyk ME. 1996. Dietary marine algae promotes efficient deposition of n-3 fatty acids for the production of enriched shell eggs. Poultry Science, 75 (12), 1501-1507. doi: 10.3382/ps.0751501
Holman BWB, Malau‐Aduli AEO. 2013. Spirulina as a livestock supplement and animal feed. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, 97(4), 615-623. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01328.x
Jamil AR, Akanda MR, Rahma MM, Hossain MA, Islam MS. 2015. Prebiotic competence of spirulina on the production performance of broiler chickens. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 2(3), 304-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b94
Kaoud HA. 2015. Effect of Spirulina platensis as a dietary supplement on broiler performance in comparison with prebiotics. Scientific Journal of Applied Research, 1(2), 44-48.
Kaoud HA, Mahran KM, Rezk A, Khalf MA. 2012. Bioremediation the toxic effect of mercury on liver histopathology, some hematological parameters and enzymatic activity in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Researcher, 4(1), 60-70. doi: 10.7537
Kutlu HR. 2014. Tavukların Beslenmesi. In: M.Türkoğlu ve M. Sarıca (Editör), Tavukçuluk Bilimi (Yetiştirme, Besleme ve Hastalıklar), 4. Baskı, Bey Ofset Matbacılık, Ankara, pp.405- 560.
Lembi CA. Waaland JR. 1988. Algae and human affairs. Cambridge University Press, 69(3), 742. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400031210
Lorenz RT. 1999. A review of Spirulina and Haematococcus algae meal as a carotenoid and vitamin supplement for poultry. Spirulina Pacifica Technical Bulletin, 53, 1-14.
Hammershøj M. 1995. Effects of dietary fish oil with natural content of carotenoids on fatty acid composition, n-3 fatty acid content, yolk colour and egg quality of hen eggs. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 59(3), 189-197. ISSN: 0003-9098
Mala R, Sarojini M, Saravanababu S, Umadevi G. 2009. Screening for antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of Spirulina platensis. Journal of Cell and Tissue Research, 9(3), 1951. ISSN: 0974- 0910
Mariey YA, Samak HR, Ibrahem MA. 2012. Effect of using Spirulina platensis algae as afeed additive for poultry diets: 1-productive and reproductive performances of local laying hens. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal, 32(1), 201-215. Corpus ID: 34268496
Mariey YA, Samak HR, Abou-Khashba HA, Sayed MAM, AbouZeid AE. 2014. Effect of Using Spirulina platensis Algae as Feed Additives for Poultry Diets. 2. Productive Performance of Broiler. Egypt Poult. Sci, 34, 245-258.
Nikodémusz E, Páskai P., Tóth L, Kozák, J. 2010. Effect of dietary Spirulina supplementation on the reproductive performance of farmed pheasants. Technical Articles-Poultry Industry, 1-2. ISSN: 1682-8356
Nuhu AA. 2013. Spirulina (Arthrospira): An important source of nutritional and medicinal compounds. Journal of Marine biology. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/325636
Özçelik B. 2007. Fonksiyonel Gıdalar ve Sağlık: Yeni Ürün Tasarımları. Şu adresten erişilebilir: https://docplayer.biz.tr/1812900-Fonksiyonel-gidalar-vesaglik-yeni-urun-tasarimlari-yrd-doc-dr-beraat-ozcelik.html [Erişim tarihi 28 Haziran 2021]
Paoletti C, Vicenzini M, Bocci F, Materassi R. 1980. Composizione biochimica generale delle biomasse di Spirulina platensis e Spirulina maxima. Prospecttive della coltura di Spirulina in Italia. Roma: Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, sy 111-125.
Park WS, Kim HJ, Li M, Lim DH, Kim J, Kwak SS, Ahn MJ. 2018. Two classes of pigments, carotenoids and cphycocyanin, in spirulina powder and their antioxidant activities. Molecules, 23(8), 2065. DOI: 10.3390/moleküller23082065
Peipei L, Sumin Z. 2018. Effect of Spirulina-Chinese herbal medicine on quality of eggs and serum biochemical indexes of egg-laying hens. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 52(3). DOI: 10.18805/ijar.v0iOF.9143
Phang SM, Miah MS, Yeoh BG, Hashim MA. 2000. Spirulina cultivation in digested sago starch factory wastewater. Journal of Applied Phycology, 12(3-5), 395-400. DOI:10.1023/A:1008157731731
Qureshi MA, Garlich JD, Kidd MT. 1996. Dietary Spirulina platensis enhances humoral and cell-mediated immune functions in chickens. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 18(3), 465-476. DOI: 10.3109/08923979609052748.
Raach-Moujahed A, Hassani S, Zairi S, Bouallegue M, Darej C, Haddad B, Damergi, C. 2011. Effect of dehydrated Spirulina platensis on performances and meat quality of broilers. Research Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 1(8), 505-509.
Radmer RJ. 1996. Algal diversity and commercial algal products. Bioscience, 46(4), 263-270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1312833
Raju MVLN, Rama Rao SV, Radhik K, Chawak MM. 2004. Effects of Spirulina platensis or furazolidone on the performance and immune response of broiler chickens fed with aflatoxin contaminated diet. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 21(1), 40-44. ISSN: 0970-3209.
Ross E, Dominy W. 1990. The nutritional value of dehydrated, blue-green algae (Spirulina plantensis) for poultry. Poultry Science, 69(5), 794-800. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0690794.
Sarada RMGP, Pillai MG, Ravishankar GA. 1999. Phycocyanin from Spirulina sp: influence of processing of biomass on phycocyanin yield, analysis of efficacy of extraction methods and stability studies on phycocyanin. Process Biochemistry, 34(8), 795-801. DOI: 10.1016/S0032-9592(98)00153-8
Samia MM, Rizk AM, El-Sayed OA. 2018. Effect of supplementing diet with Spirulina Platensis algae or turmeric on productive and reproductive performance of Golden Montazah layers. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal, 38(1). ISSN: 1110-5623 (Print) – 2090-0570 (Online)
Selim S, Hussein E, Abou-Elkhair R. 2018. Effect of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on laying performance, egg quality and hepatoprotective activity of laying hens. Eur. Poult. Sci, 82, 14-24. DOI: 10.1399/eps.2018.227.
Shanmugapriya B, Babu SS, Hariharan T, Sivaneswaran S, Anusha, MB. 2015a. Dietary administration of Spirulina platensis as probiotics on growth performance and histopathology in broiler chicks. Int. J. Recent Sci. Res, 6(2), 2650-2653. ISSN: 0976-3031.
Shanmugapriya B, Babu SS, Hariharan T, Sivaneswaran S, Anusha MB, Raja PU. (2015b). Synergistic effect of Spirulina platensis on performance and gut microbial load of broiler chicks. Indo-Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 1:149-55. ISSN: 0976-3031.
Sivakumar J, Santhanam P. 2011. Antipathogenic activity of Spirulina powder. Recent Research in science and Technology, 3(4). ISSN: 2076-5061.
Spolaore P, Joannis-Cassan C, Duran E, Isambert A. 2006. Commercial applications of microalgae. Journal of bioscience and bioengineering, 101(2), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1263/jbb.101.87.
Stivala LA, Savio M, Cazzalini O, Pizzala R, Rehak L, Bianchi L, Prosperi E. 1996. Effect of β-carotene on cell cycle progression of human fibroblasts. Carcinogenesis, 17(11), 2395-2401. DOI: 10.1093/karsin/17.11.2395
Yang YX, Kim YJ, Jin Z, Lohakare JD, Kim CH, Ohh SH, Chae BJ. 2006. Effects of dietary supplementation of astaxanthin on production performance, egg quality in layers and meat quality in finishing pigs. Asian-australasian journal of animal sciences, 19(7), 1019-1025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.1019
Zahroojian N, Moravej H, Shivazad M. 2011. Comparison of marine algae (Spirulina platensis) and synthetic pigment in enhancing egg yolk colour of laying hens. British poultry science, 52(5), 584-588. DOI: 10.1080/00076668.2011.10779.