Embbey K. OSSAİ, Chukwujindu M.A. IWEGBUE, Elizabeth E. AJOGUNGBE, Godswill O. TESİ

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Metal Concentrations in Imported Canned Maize

Concentrations and profile of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Fe and Mn) were determined in selected brands of canned maize in the Nigeria market with a view to providing information on the hazards associated with the consumption of these products. The measurement of the concentrations of PAHs was carried out by using a gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector (GCFID) after extraction by ultra-sonication with acetone/dichloromethane and clean-up. The 16 PAH concentrations varied between 45.1 and 335.7 µg/kg. The concentrations of the indicators for occurrence and effects of PAHs in food varied from 3.6 to 114.5 µg/kg for BaP, 6.4 to 168.2 µg/kg for PAH2, 11.8 to 232.7 µg/kg for PAH4 and 19.4 to 327.3 µg/kg for PAH8. The concentrations of metals were determined by using atomic absorption spectrometry after acid digestion. The concentrations of metals in these samples ranged from <0.05 to 0.9 µg/g for Cd; 5.0 to 8.0 µg/g for Pb, 0.8 to 1.7 µg/g for Fe while Cr and Mn were less than the limits of quantification (<0.05 µg/g). The concentrations of Cd and Pb in these canned maize samples were above their permissible limits for foods.

PDF

___

Anonymous. 2002. Gida Maddelerine Belirli Bulasanlarin Seviyelerinin Belirlennesi Hakkinda Teblig T.C. tarim ve Koyisleri Bakanligi Koruma ve Kontrol Genel mudurlugu Tebig No. 2002/63. Official paper No. 20.09.2002-24885.

CCFAC. 2001. Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants, Comments submitted on draft maximum levels of lead and cadmium. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme, thirty-third session. The Hague, the Netherlands 12-16 March 2001.

Ciecierska M, Obiedzinski M. 2007. Canned fish products contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Acta Sci Polon Technol. Aliment 6:19-28.

Codex Alimentarius Commission (CX/FAC06/38/36). 2005. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme codex committee on food additives and contaminants. Discussion paper on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination.

Dahiya S, Karpe R, Hegde AG, Sharma RM. 2005. Lead, cadmium and nickel in chocolate and candies from suburban areas of Mumbai, India. J Food Comp Anal 18: 517-522.

European Commission (EC). 2001. European Commission Regulation 2375/2001 of Nov 29, 2001, amending Commission Regulation (EC) 466/2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off. J. Eur. Communities, 2001, L 321/1-5.

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). 2008. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminant in food chains (Adopted on 9 June, 2008). EFSA Journal 724: 1-114. Available from http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa-local- 1178620753812-1211902034842.htm/, Accessed on 5 October, 2011.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2001. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Report of the Panel on Micronutrients. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, Food and Drug Administration. Dietary supplements. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition

Hague T, Petroczi A, Adrews PLR, Barker J, Naughton DP. 2008. Determination of metal ion contents of beverages and estimation of target hazard quotients: a comparative study. Chem Central J Doi: 10.1186/1752-153x-2-13.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2010. Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human. Monograph Vol 92 Iwegbue CMA, Nwajei GE, Arimoro FO, Eguavoen O. 2009.

Characteristic levels of heavy metals in canned sardines consumed in Nigeria. Environmentalist 29: 431-435 doi: 10.1007/S10669-009-9233-5.

Iwegbue CMA, Nwozo SO, Overah LC, Nwajei GE, 2010. Survey of trace element composition of commercial infant food formulas in the Nigerian market. Food Addit Contam Part B doi:10.1080/1944-0049.2010.497502.

Martorell T, Perello G, Marti-Cid R, Castell V, Llobet JM, Damingo JL. 2010. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in foods and estimated intake by the population of Catalonia, Spain: Temporal trend. Environ Inter 36: 432-434.

Mol S. 2011. Determination of trace metals in canned anchovies and canned rainbow trout. Food Chem Toxicol 49: 348-351 doi:10.1016/jfct.2010.

Nacarri C, Cristani M, Giofre F, Ferrante M, Siracusa L, Tombetta D. 2011. PAHs concentration in heat treated milk sample. Food Res Inter 44: 716-724 doi:10.1016/j.foodres. 2010.12.2009.

Ponka P, Tenebeins M Eaton JW. 2007. Iron. In: Nordberg, G.F., Fowler, B.A., Nordberg M and Friberg L.T. (Eds.). Handbook on the toxicology of metals, third edn. Academic Press pp. 577-598.

Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants. 1999. The 1998 Aahrus protocol to the 1979 convention on long-range transboundary air pollutant on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Rev. Eur. Community International Law 8: 224- 230.

Suppin D, Zahlbruchker R, Krapfenbauer-Coemak CH, HassanHawer CH, Smulders FJM. 2005. Mercury, lead and cadmium content of fresh and canned fish collected from Austrian retail operations. Ernahrung/Nutrition 29(11): 456- 460.

Tuteja G, Rout C, Bishnoi NR. 2011. Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in leafy and underground vegetable. A case study of around Panipat City, Haryana, India. J Environ Sci Technol 4: 611-620.