Karvakrol İlavesinin Zygosaccharomyces bailii ile Kontamine Edilmiş Elma Suyunda Bazı Fizikokimyasal ve Biyoaktif Özelliklerin Değişimi Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi
Bu çalışmada yüksek şeker konsantrasyonuna, düşük aside, etanole ve pastörizasyon uygulamasına karşı direnç gösterebilen Z. bailii inhibisyonunda kullanılan karvakrolün, elma suyunun depolama süresi boyunca bazı fizikokimyasal ve biyoaktif özellikleri ile maya sayılarındaki değişimine olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla tepki yüzey yöntemi uygulanmış ve proses değişkeni olarak depolama süresi (1-41 gün), depolama sıcaklığı (4-20°C), pozitif kontrol olarak sodyum benzoat miktarı (%0-0,1) ve karvakrol miktarı (0-750 ppm) seçilmiştir. Elma suyu örneklerinde depolama boyunca maya canlılığına bağlı olarak fizikokimyasal özelliklerinde önemli değişiklikler meydana gelmiştir. Karvakrol miktarının artışı maya sayısında yaklaşık 7 log düzeyinde bir azalma meydana getirmiş ve meyve sularının bozulmalarını önlemiş, ancak karvakrol içermeyen örneklerde briks değeri maya faaliyeti sonucu yaklaşık %50 düzeyinde azalma göstermiş ve meyve suyu tüketilemeyecek duruma gelmiştir. Toplam fenolik madde değerleri 136,7-645,7 mg GAE/L aralığında tespit edilmiş olup en düşük toplam fenolik madde miktarı karvakrol içermeyen 11 no’lu örnekte tespit edilmişken en yüksek değer ise en yüksek seviyede karvakrol ihtiva eden elma suyu örneğinde belirlenmiştir. Yapılan optimizasyon işlemi sonucunda örneklerin maksimum düzeyde karvakrol ilavesi ile Z. bailii’nin bozucu faaliyetlerinin büyük ölçüde engellenebileceği görülmüştür.
Investigation of The Effect of Carvacrol Addition on The Change of Some Physicochemical and Bioactive Properties of Apple Juice Contaminated with Zygosaccharomyces bailii
In this study, the effects of carvacrol addition which is a natural preservative to apple juice samples contaminated with Z. bailii which is an osmotolerant yeast and shows resistance against high sugar concentration, low acidity, ethanol content and pasteurization process, were investigated on some physicochemical and bioactive properties and also changes in yeast numbers during storage period. For this purpose, the response surface methodology was applied and storage time (1-41 days), storage temperature (4-20°C), sodium benzoate amount (0-0.1%) and carvacrol amount (0-750 ppm) were selected as processing variables. Significant changes in physicochemical properties were observed due to yeast viability occurred during the storage of apple juice samples. The increase in the amount of carvacrol caused a decrease in the number of yeasts about 7 log level and prevented the spoilage of fruit juices. However, the brix value of the samples without carvacrol showed a decrease of 50% as a result of yeast activity and the fruit juice could not be consumed. Total phenolic content of the sample was in the range of 136.7-645.7 mg GAE/L and the lowest total phenolic content was determined for the run 11 having no carvacrol while the highest total phenolic content was for the sample added with the highest carvacrol level. As a result of the optimization process, it was observed that the deterioration activities of Z. bailii could be prevented to a great extent by the addition of maximum amount of carvacrol.
___
- Calo JR, Crandall PG, O'Bryan CA, Ricke SC. 2015. Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems – A review. Food Control. 54: 111-119.
- Cemeroglu B, Acar J. 1986. Meyve ve Sebze İsleme Teknolojisi. Gıda Teknolojisi Dernegi, Ankara, 56 s.
- Çoban ÖE, Patır B. 2010. Antioksidan Etkili Bazı Bitki ve Baharatların Gıdalarda Kullanımı. Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 5 (2):7-19.
- Dorman HJ, Deans SG. 2000. Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 88(2): 308-316.
- FDA. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR). Part 182– Substances Generally Recognized as Safe, Section 182.20– Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates) Title 21, Volume 3, revised as of September 1, 2016b. Available at: http://www.ecfr.gov /cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=13171357fad6c60a18a56777e7898b b4&mc=true&node=pt21.3.182&rgn=div5#se21.3.182_120, 2016. accessed June 15, 2018. Google Scholar.
- Fitzgerald DJ, Stratford M, Narbad A. 2003. Analysis of the inhibition of food spoilage yeasts by vanillin. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 86 (1-2): 113-122.
- Elshafie HS. Armentano MF, Carmosino M, Bufo SA, Deo Feo V, Camele I. 2017. Cytotoxic activity of Origanum vulgare L. on hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 and evaluation of its biological activity. Molecules, 22( 9):1435.
- European Commission. 1999. Commission decision of 23 February 1999 adopting a register of flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs drawn up in application of regulation (EC) No 2232/96 of the European Parliament and of the Council on 28 October 1996. 1999/217/EC. Official J 27;L084:1–137. Google Scholar
- Evans DG, Everis LK, Betts GD. 2004. Use of survival analysis and classification and regression trees to model the growth/no growth boundary of spoilage yeasts as affected by alcohol, ph, sucrose, sorbate and temperature. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 92: 55-67.
- Gao J, Rupasinghe HPV. 2012. Nutritional, physicochemical and microbial quality of ultrasound-treated apple-carrot juice blends. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 3: 212-218.
- Gürsoy OV, Gürsoy DUK. 2004. Anadoluda dis ve dis eti hastalıkları ile ilgili hastalıkların tedavisinde halk arasında yaygın olarak kullanılan bitkiler, kullanım şekilleri ve bitkisel özellikleri. Dis Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 7(1): 64-67.
- Klimczak I, Małecka M, Szlachta M, Gliszczynska- Swigło A. 2007. Effect of storage on the content of polyphenols, vitamin C and the antioxidant activity of orange juices. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 20: 313-322.
- Kusumegi K, Yoshida H, Tomiyama S. 1998. Inhibitory effects of acetic acid on respiration and growth of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering. 85(2): 213-217.
- Leandro MJ, Sychrova H, Prista C, Loureiro-Dias MC. 2011. The osmotolerant fructophilic yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii employs two plasma membrane fructose uptake systems belonging to a new family of yeast sugar transporters. Microbiology. 157: 601-608.
- Lopez-Malo A, Barreto-Valdivieso J, Palou E, Martín FS. 2007. Aspergillus flavus growth response to cinnamon extract and sodium benzoate mixtures. Food Control. 18(11): 1358-1362.
- Martorell P, Stratford M, Steels H, Fernández-Espinar MT. Querol A. 2007. Physiological characterization of spoilage strains of Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii isolated from high sugar environments. International Journal of Food Microbiology.114(2): 234-242.
- Memar MY, Raei P, Alizadeh N, Aghdam MA, Kafil HS. 2017. Carvacrol and thymol: Strong antimicrobial agents against resistant isolates. Reviews in Medical Microbiology. 28: 63– 68
- Moon SE, Kim HY, Cha JD. 2011. Synergistic effect between clove oil and its major compounds and antibiotics against oral bacteria. Archives of Oral Biology. 56(9): 907-916.
- Oussalah M, Caillet S, Salmiéri S, Saucier L, Lacroix M. 2004. Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of milk protein-based film containing essential oils for the preservation of whole beef muscle. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52: 5598-5605.
- Palou E, López-Malo A, Barbosa-Canovas G, Welti-Chanes J, Swanson B. 1997. Effect of water activity on high hydrostatic pressure inhibition of Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 24(5): 417-420.
- Praphailong W, Fleet G. 1997. The effect of pH, sodium chloride, sucrose, sorbate and benzoate on the growth of food spoilage yeasts. Food Microbiology. 14(5): 459-468.
- Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. 1999. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry. 269(2): 337-341.
- Raso J, Calderón ML, Góngora M, Barbosa Cánovas GV, Swanson BG.1998. Inactivation of Zygosaccharomyces bailii in fruit juices by heat, high hydrostatic pressure and pulsed electric fields. Journal of Food Science. 63(6): 1042-1044.
- Sagdic O. Ozturk I, Ozkan G, Yetim H, Ekici L, Yilmaz MT. 2010. RPHPLC- DAD analysis of phenolic compounds in pomace extracts from five grape cultivars: Evaluation of their antioxidant, antiradical and antifungal activities in orange and apple juices. Food Chemistry. 126(4): 1749-1758.
- Sharifi‐Rad M, Varoni EM, Iriti M, Martorell M, Setzer WN, del Mar Contreras M, Sharifi‐Rad J. 2018. Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review. Phytotherapy Research. 32(9): 1675-1687.
- Sun X, Narciso J, Wang Z, Ference C, Bai J, Zhou K. 2014. Effects of chitosan‐essential oil coatings on safety and quality of fresh blueberries. Journal of Food Science. 79(5): M955- M960.
- Tezcan F, Gültekin-Özgüven M, Diken T, Özçelik B, Erim FB. 2009. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic, organic acid and sugar content in commercial pomegranate juices. Food Chemistry.115(3): 873-877.
- Tokuoka K. 1993. A review: sugar and salt tolerant yeasts. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 74: 101-110.
- Tournas V, Heeres J, Burgess L. 2006. Moulds and yeasts in fruit salads and fruit juices. Food Microbiology. 23(7): 684-688.
- Yılmaz MT. 2002. Nitrit, glukonodeltalakton ve askorbik asidin sucugun bazı özellikleri üzerine etkisinin yanıt yüzeyi yöntemi ile modellenmesi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Van, 41 s.