BİLGE YILMAZ, BERKEN ÇİMEN, TURGUT YEŞİLOĞLU, Meral İNCESU, MÜGE UYSAL KAMİLOĞLU, MUHARREM YILMAZ

Effects of 2,4-DP- P (2,4-Dichlorophenoxypropionic Acid-P) Plant Growth Regulator on Fruit Size and Yield of Star Ruby Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Osb.)

Star Ruby is the main grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) variety grown in Turkey; however, small fruit size is a common problem in ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit. Fruit size is a decisive external quality parameter in citrus at the marketing of fresh citrus fruits. Fruit size can be enhanced by several techniques such as girdling and thinning. Various plant growth regulators are known to affect the growth and size of citrus fruit. The objective of the present study was to observe the effects of 2,4 dichlorophenoxypropionic acid-p (2,4-DPP) on the fruit size, yield and quality of Star Ruby from 20-year-old trees budded on sour orange rootstock in Adana, Turkey in 2007. Four concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 300 ppm) of 2,4-DP-P were applied 8 weeks after anthesis during physiological fruit drop when the mean fruit diameter was 13-15 mm. The results indicated that the application of 2,4-DP-P increased the fruit size of Star Ruby grapefruit without reducing yield. The application had a significant effect on fruit yield except for trees treated with 50 ppm 2,4- DP-P. Compared with the control trees, applications of 2,4-DP-P increased the number of large, commercially valuable Star Ruby (>93 mm, 89-93 mm and 84-89 mm). No effects were determined on fruit internal quality parameters. Thus, the results of the present study revealed that 2,4-DP-P can be used to improve the fruit size of Star Ruby fruitlets during the June drop.

PDF

___

Abd El-Moneim EAA, Abd El Migeed MMM, Ismail OMM. 2007. GA3 and Zinc sprays for improving yield and fruit quality of Washington navel orange trees grown under sandy soil conditions. Res. J. of Agric. and Biol.Sci. 3 (5): 498- 503.

Abd El-Rahman GF, Hoda MM, Enshrah AHT. 2011. Effect of GA3 and Potasisum nitrate in different dates on fruit set, yield and splitting of Washington navel orange. Nature and science, 9(12):196-204.

Agusti M, Almela V. 1991. Aplicación de fitorreguladores en citricultura. Ed. AEDOS, SA., Barcelona, Spain.

Agusti M, Almela V, Juan M, Primo-Millo E, Trenor I, Zaragoza S. 1994. Effects of 3,5,6-trichloro-2- pyridyloxyacetic acid on fruit size and yield of clausellina mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.). Jour. of Hort. Sci. 69 (2): 219-223.

Agusti M, El-Otmani M, Aznar M, Juan M, Almela V. 1995. Effect of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyloxyacetic acid on Clementine early fruitlet development and on fruit size at maturity. Jour. of Hort. Sci. 70 (6): 955-962.

Agustí M, Almela V, Zaragoza S, Primo-Millo E, El-Otmani M. 1996. Recent finding on the mechanism of action of the synthetic auxins used to improve fruit size of citrus. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture 2: 922-928.

Agustí M. 2000. Regulation of citrus cropping and improvement of fruit quality using exogenous plant growth regulators. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture 1: 351-356.

Agustí M, Zaragoza S, Iglesias DJ, Almela V, Primo-Millo E, Talón M. 2001. The synthetic auxin 3,5,6-TPA stimulates crbohydrate accumulation and growth in citrus fruit. Plant Growth Regulation. 00:1-7.

Agustí M, Juan M, Martínez-Fuentes A, Mesejo C, Reig C, Almela V. 2006. Application of 2,4- dichlorophenoxypropionic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester reduces mature fruit abscission in Citrus navel cultivars. Jour. of Hort. Sci. & Biotechnology 81 (3): 532-536.

Almeida IML, Ono EO, Rodrigues JD. 2008. Plant growth regulators on the pre-harvest period of Pera oranges. Ciência Rural, 38 (3): 665-671.

AKIB. 2017. http: // www. ntg. org. tr / uploads / 3 /files/ NTG %20 De %C4 %9 Değerlendirme%20 Raporu%20Ocak Aral%C4%B1k%202016.pdf (in Turkish).

Chao CT, Lowatt CJ, Ferguson L. 2004. Efficacy of plant growth regulators and fertilizers to increase fruit set and fruit size of Fina Sodea Clementine mandarins in California. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture 2: 547.

Chao CT, Lowatt CJ. 2010. Foliar applied 3,5,6-trichloro-2- pyridoxylacetic acid (3,5,6-TPA) increases yield of commercially valuable large-size fruit of “Fina Sodea” clementine mandarin. Acta Hort. 884: 433-440.

Davies FS, Campbell CA, Zalman GR, Fidelibus M. 1999. Gibberellic acid application timing effects on juice yield and peel quality of Hamlin oranges. Proc.Fla. State Hort. Soc. 112: 22-24.

Duarte AMM, Trindada DTG, Guardiola JL. 1996. Thinning of Esbal Clementine with 2,4-dichlorophenoxypropionic acid.Influence on yield, fruit size and fruit quality. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture 2: 929-933.

El-Otmani M, Agustí M, Aznar M, Almela V. 1993. Improving the size of Fortune mandarin fruits by auxin 2,4-DP. Scient. Hortic. 55 (3-4): 283-290.

El-Otmani M, Coggins CW Jr, Agustí M, Lovatt C. 2000. Plant growth regulators in citriculture: World current uses. Critical Reviews in Plant sciences. 19: 395-447.

Erner Y, Tagari E, Hamou M, Katzir I. 2004. Enhancing citrus fruit size: An overview of opportunities and achievements in Israel. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture 2: 495-501.

Fang JG, Wu CJ, Zheng YS, Chao CT. 2008. Application of 2,4- D for fruit size and yield increase of W. Murcott mandarin and Minneola tangelo in California. 11th Int. Citrus Congress. 26-30 October 2008, China. Abs. No: 158. p 81-82.

Gallasch PT. 1988. Chemical thinning of heavy crops of mandarins to increase fruit size. Proc. 6th Int. Citrus Congress 1: 395-405.

Garcia-Lidon A, Porras-Castillo I, Ortíz Marcide J, Molina R. 1992. Early harvesting of Fino lemon using a new synthetic auxin. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture 1: 473-474.

Goldschmidt EE, Koch KE. 1996. Citrus. In: Zamski E and Schafer AA (eds), Photoassimilate distribution in plants and crops. Source-sink relationships. Marcel Dekker, Inc., NewYork, pp.797-823.

Gravina A, Arbiza H, Bozzo A, Laserre E, Arias M, Ronca F. 1998. Synthetic auxins evaluation on fruit size and yield in Ellendale tangor. Acta Hortic. 463:413-418.

Greenberg J, Eshel G, Gotfreed A. 1996. Effects NAA, 2,4-D and 2,4-DP on yield, fruit size and creasing of Valencia orange. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture 2: 934-937.

Guardiola JL, Almela V, Barres MT. 1988. Dual effect of auxins on fruit growth in Satsuma mandarin. Scient. Hortic.34: 229-237.

Guardiola JL. 1997. Increasing citrus fruit size with synthetic auxins. In: Futch SH and Kender WJ (eds) Citrus Flowering and Fruiting Short Course. Univ.of Florida. pp 79-86.

Guardiola JL, García-Luis A. 2000. Increasing fruit size in Citrus. Thinning and stimulation of fruit growth. Plant growth regulation 31:121-132.

Koch N, Theron K, Rabe E. 1996. Fruit seize prediction in Clementine and Satsuma mandarin and improvement of Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) fruit size by 2,4-DP. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture 2: 737-744.

Koç S. 2012. Kimyasal seyreltme, bilezik alma, budama ve potasyum uygulamalarının Star Ruby altıntop çeşidinde meyve iriliği üzerine etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. 81 s, Adana.

Laskowski L, Monnerri C, Garcia-Luis A, Guardiola JL. 2008. Vascularizacion del pedicole y crecimiento del fruto de Citrus sinensis var. Salustiana y su relaction con el contenido de acido indolacetico. Biagro 20(1): 11-20.

Mesejo C, Martínez-Fuentes A, Juan M, Almela V, Agustí M. 2003. Vascular tissues development of citrus fruits peduncle is promoted by synthetic auxins. Plant Growth Regulation, 39, 131–135.

Modise DM, Likuku AS, Thuma M, Phuti R. 2009. The influence of exogenously applied 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on fruit drop and quality of navel oranges (Citrus sinensis L.). African J. of Biotechnology. 8 (10): 2131-2137.

Pearson D. 1970. The Chemical Analyses of Foods. Pp. 233. In: J and A. Churchill (eds.), 104 Glucuster Place, London.

Pozo L, Kender WJ, Burns JK, Hartmond U. 2000. Effects of Gibberellic acid on ripening and rind puffing in Sunburst mandarin. Proc.Fla. State Hort. Soc. 113:102-105.

Rivadeneria MF, Gomez C, Muller WS. 2015. Fruit thinning of Satsuma “Okitsu” mandarin. Acta Hort. 10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1065.156.

Saraswathi T, Rangasamy P, Azhakiamanavalan RS. 2003. Effect of preharvest spray of growth regulators on fruit retention and quality of mandarins. South Ind. Hort. 51 (1/6): 110-112.

SAS. 2009. SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Ver. 9. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C.

Stewart WS, Hoed HZ, Brannamann BL. 1952. Effects of 2,4-D and related substances on fruit drop, yield, size and quality of Valencia orange. Hilgardia 21:321-329.

Summers L, Weng A, Zheng YS, Lowatt CJ. 2008. Effects of the Diphenylurea Cytokinin CPPU and the Auxin 3,5,6-TPA on Washington navel orange yield, fruit size and quality. 11th Int. Citrus Congress. 26-30 October 2008, China. Abs. No: 157. p 80-81.

TUIK. 2017. Turkish Statistic Council records (Ankara: TUIK), www.tuik.gov.tr.

Turrel FM. 1946. Tables of surfaces and volumes of spheres and of prolate and oblate spheroids and spheroidal coefficients. University of California, Press. Berkeley.

Vanniere H, Arcuset P. 1989. Amelioration du calibres des clementines en Corse par l’emploi du dichlorprop. Fruits 44: 393-400.

Van Rensburg P, Shung-Shi P, García-Luis A, Fornés F, Guardiola JL. 1996. Improving crop value in Fino clementine mandarin with plant growth regulators. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture 2: 970-974.

Wheaton TA. 1981. Fruit thinning of Florida mandarins using plant growth regulators. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture 1: 263- 268.

Yazıcı K, Biner B, Eryılmaz Z. 2016. 2,4- diklorofenoksipropiyonik asit (2,4-DP) uygulamalarının Star Ruby altıntop (Citrus paradise Macf.) çeşidinde verim ve meyve kalitesi üzerine etkileri. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. 29(2): 39-42.

Yesiloglu T, Koc S, Cimen B. 2017. The usage of auxins with various cultural techniques to increase fruit size in Star Ruby grapefruit. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26 (10): 5717-5722.

Yildirim B, Yesiloglu T, Incesu M, Kamiloglu M, Ozguven F, Tuzcu O, Aka Kacar Y. 2010. The effects of mechanical pruning on fruit yield and quality in ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit. Journal of Food, Agriculture & En-vironment. 8(2): 834- 838.

Yildirim B, Yesiloglu T, Incesu M, Kamiloglu M, Cimen B, Tamer S. 2012. Effects of 2,4-DP (2,4- dichlorophenoxypropionic acid) plant growth regulator on fruit size and yield of Valencia oranges (Citrus sinensis Osb.). New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 40(1): 55-64.