Bitkilerin Kuraklık Stresine Tepkilerinde Bilinenler ve Yeni Yaklaşımlar

Bu derleme, bitkilerin kuraklık stresine karşı gösterdikleri karmaşık fizyolojik ve metabolik tepki mekanizmaları hakkında bilinenleri özetlemek, en etkin yaklaşımları vurgulamak ve tarımsal anlamda önemi olan bitkilerin kuraklık toleransını arttırmayı hedefleyen çalışmalarda kullanılabilecek yeni yaklaşımları değerlendirmek amacını taşımaktadır. Kuraklık, tarımsal üretimde ciddi verim kayıplarına neden olan etmenlerin başında gelmektedir. Küresel ısınmaya bağlı olarak beklenen şiddetli kuraklık olayları, tarımsal anlamda kullanılan bitkilerin kuraklık toleranslarının arttırılması yolunda ciddi adımların acil olarak atılmasının gerekliliğini bir kez daha gözler önüne koymaktadır. Hareket edemeyen canlılar olan bitkiler, kuraklık, sıcaklık, tuzluluk ve aşırı yağış gibi abiyotik stres koşullarına büyüme ve gelişmeleri en az zarar görecek şekilde fizyolojik ve metabolik değişikliklerle tepki vermektedirler. Ancak, abiyotik stres koşullarında meydana gelen bu değişiklikler, karmaşıklıklarından dolayı uzun yıllardır üzerinde çalışılıyor olmasına rağmen halen tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Bu da, bitki kuraklık stres tepkisini anlamak ve tarımsal anlamda önemi olan bitkilerin stres toleransını artırmak amaçlı çalışmalarda yeni yaklaşımlar kullanılmasını gerektirmektedir. Karşılaştırmalı genomik ve tranksriptomik çalışmaların yapılması, bitki kuraklık stres tepkisinde miRNAların oynadıkları rollerin anlaşılması, toleransları daha yüksek olan yabani genotiplerin mekanizmalarının aydınlatılması ve bitki stres adaptasyonunda epigenetiğin rolünün ortaya konulması öncelikler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu bilgilerin klasik ıslah çalışmalarıyla birleştirilmesi, doğada gerçekleşen çoklu abiyotik stres koşullarına dayanıklı bitkilerin geliştirilebilmesi için en önemli aşamadır.

Literature review and new approaches on plant drought stress response

This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on complex physiological and metabolic changes in drought stress response, to point out the most effective approaches to understand stress mechanism and to evaluate new approaches to increase drought stress tolerance of agriculturally important plant species. Drought is the main reason for yield loss in agricultural production. Global warming will cause more serious drought episodes in close future; therefore, it is more urgent to make progress in increasing the drought stress tolerance of agriculturally important plants. Being immobile, plants can alter their physiology and metabolism to get minimum damage from abiotic stress conditions including drought, heat, salt and flooding. Although there is an ongoing research on understanding the plant drought stress response for years, there is still a limited knowledge on these alterations due to their complexity. Therefore, new approaches should be used in research aiming to understand plant stress response and to increase drought stress tolerance of agriculturally important plants. Comparative genomics and transcriptomics studies, understanding the roles of miRNAs in plant drought stress response, figuring out the stress response mechanisms of wild genotypes and comprehending the role of epigenetics in plant stress adaptation are some of the main topics that can be utilized. Integration of this knowledge with classical breeding is the most important point to develop plants with resistance to multiple stresses in their environment.

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