Türkçe Kelimelerin Serbest Çağrışım Normları Üzerine Güvenirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması

Kelimelerin çağrışım yapıları, kelimeler üzerine işlem yapılan durumsal görevlerde performansı etkilemektedir(Nelson, Dyrdal ve Goodmon, 2005). Serbest çağrışım yöntemi kullanılarak kelimelerin anlamca güçlü olarak bağlıolduğu diğer kelimeler belirlenip kelimelerin çağrışım yapılarının anlamsal bellekteki organizasyonuna dair bilgiler elde edilebilir. Türkçe kelimelerin çağrışım normları Tekcan ve Göz (2005) tarafından toplanmış olsa da bubulguların güvenirliği ve geçerliği özel olarak test edilmemiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı var olan serbest çağrışımnorm bulgularının güvenirlik ve geçerliğini belirlemektir. Güvenirliği ölçmek için yapılan birinci çalışmada, varolan normlardan 100 kelime seçilmiş ve bu kelimelerin uyandırdığı çağrışımlar hem klasik kalem-kağıt yöntemiylehem de çevrimiçi olarak toplanılmıştır. Veriler çağrışım gücü, çağrışım seti büyüklüğü ve çağrışımın heterojenliğideğerleri üzerinden karşılaştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular normatif verilerin yüksek güvenirliğe sahip olduğunugöstermiştir. İkinci çalışma, var olan normların yordama geçerliğini ipucu ile hatırlama yönteminin kullanıldığıdeneysel bir desende sınamıştır. İpucu kelimelerinin çağrışım seti büyüklüğü ve çağrışım gücü değerleri değişimlenerek (manipüle edilerek) doğru hatırlama oranına etkileri incelenmiştir. Alanyazındaki beklentiler çerçevesindeçağrışım gücü değerleri yüksek ipuçları düşük olanlara göre daha iyi bellek performansı ile sonuçlanmış ancak ipucuçağrışım setinin büyüklüğü beklenen etkiyi göstermemiştir. Bulgular, çağrışım normlarının büyük oranda güvenilirve geçerli olduğunu göstermekle beraber normatif verilerdeki eksikliklerin ilave norm çalışmaları ile giderilmesigerektiğinin önemine işaret etmektedir.

A Study on the Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Free Association Norms

Pre-existing semantic associations of words influence performance in various episodic tasks (Nelson, Dyrdal, & Goodmon, 2005). The free association task indexes strong associative relations among words. In turn, this makes it possible to map associative structure of the words in semantic memory. Although Tekcan and Goz (2005) collected free association norms of Turkish words in an earlier study, the reliability and validity of their findings have not been empirically tested with a specific study. The goal of the present study was to determine the reliability and validity of the existing free association norms. In Study 1, 100 words were randomly selected from the existing normative database and were normed again by using the standard free association method as well as an online version of the same task in order to assess the reliability. The obtained findings were compared in regard to associative strength, associative set size, and heterogeneity values. The results indicated that the existing norms have high reliability. Study 2 assessed the predictive validity of the existing norms in an extra-list cued recall experiment. The cue-to-target strength and cue set size were manipulated in order to examine their effects on correct recall. In line with the previous findings, high cue-to-target strength led to higher recall rates compared to low cue-to-target strength; however, the effects of cue set size were not in the expected direction. The present findings imply that the existing free association norms have high reliability and validity overall, but there is a crucial need to overcome the shortcomings of the Turkish free association norms by norming additional words.

___

  • Aitchison, J. (2003). Words in the mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon (3. baskı). Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
  • Babayiğit, S. ve Stainthorp, R. (2007). Preliterate phonological awareness and early literacy skills in Turkish. Journal of Research in Reading, 30(4), 394–413. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2007.00350.x
  • Baran, Z., Cangöz, B. ve Salman, F. (2015). Duygusal bağlam eşik altı ve eşiküstü hazırlamayı etkiler mi? Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26.
  • Boduroglu, A., Tekcan, A. İ. ve Kapucu, A. (2014). The relationship between executive functions, episodic feeling-of-knowing and confidence judgements. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26(3), 333–345. doi:10.1080/20445911.2014.891596
  • Booth, R. W., Mackintosh, B., Mobini, S., Oztop, P. ve Nunn, S. (2014). Cognitive bias modification of attention is less effective under working memory load. Cognitive Therapy And Research, 38(6), 634–639. doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9628-6
  • Brotsky, S. J. ve Linton, M. L. (1967). The test-retest reliability of free association norms. Psychonomic Science, 8(10), 425–426.
  • Coronges, K. A., Stacy, A. W. ve Valente, T. W. (2007). Structural comparison of cognitive associative networks in two populations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(9), 2097–2129. doi:10.1111/ j.1559-1816.2007.00253.x
  • Coşkun, H. (2009). Beyin fırtınası sürecinde çağrışım alıştırmalarının düşünce üretimine etkisi (The effects of associative exercises on the idea generation during brainstorming). Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24(64), 34–44.
  • De Deyne, S., Navarro, D. J. ve Storms, G. (2013). Better explanations of lexical and semantic cognition using networks derived from continued rather than single-word associations. Behavior Research Methods, 45(2), 480–498. doi: 10.3758/s13428-012- 0260-7
  • De Deyne, S. ve Storms, G. (2008). Word associations: norms for 1,424 Dutch words in a continuous task. Behavior Research Methods, 40(1), 198–205. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.1.198
  • Deese, J. (1965). The structure of associations in language and thought. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, Derry.
  • Dunn, M. E. ve Goldman, M. S. (2000). Validation of multidimensional scaling-based modeling of alcohol expectancies in memory: Age and drinking-related differences in expectancies of children assessed as first associates. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(11), 1639–1646. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb01965.x
  • Goodmon, L. B. ve Nelson, D. L. (2004). Strengthening the activation of unconsciously activated memories. Memory & Cognition, 32(5), 804–818. doi: 10.3758/BF03195870
  • Gray, R. M. (2011). Entropy and information theory. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Hintzman, D. L. (1976). Repetition and memory. G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation içinde (47–91). New York: Academic Press.
  • Kılıç, A. ve Öztekin, İ., (2014). Retrieval dynamics of the strength based mirror effect in recognition memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 76, 158– 173. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2014.06.009
  • Maki, W. S. (2008). A database of associative strengths from the strength-sampling model: A theory-based supplement to the Nelson, McEvoy, and Schreiber word association norms. Behavior Research Methods, 40(1), 232–235. doi: 10.3758/ BRM.40.1.232
  • McEvoy, C. L., Nelson, D. L. ve Komatsu, T. (1999). What is the connection between true and false memories? The differential roles of interitem associations in recall and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25(5), 1177–1194. doi: 10.1037/0278- 7393.25.5.1177
  • Nelson, D. L., Bennett, D. J., Gee, N. R., Schreiber, T. ve McKinney, V. M. (1993). Implicit memory: Effects of network size and interconnectivity on cued recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19(4), 747–764.
  • Nelson, D. L., Dyrdal, G. M. ve Goodmon, L. B. (2005). What is preexisting strength? Predicting free association probabilities, similarity ratings, and cued recall probabilities. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12(4), 711–719. doi: 10.3758/BF03196762
  • Nelson, D. L., Fisher, S. L. ve Akirmak, U. (2007). How implicitly activated and explicitly acquired knowledge contribute to the effectiveness of retrieval cues. Memory & Cognition, 35(8), 1892–1904.
  • Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L. ve Bajo, M. T. (1988). Lexical and semantic search in cued recall, fragment completion, perceptual identification, and recognition. The American Journal of Psychology, 101(4), 465–80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3232723 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L. ve Dennis, S. (2000). What is free association and what does it measure? Memory & Cognition, 28(6), 887–899. doi: 10.3758/ BF03209337
  • Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L. ve Pointer, L. (2003). Spreading activation or spooky action at a distance? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(1), 42–52. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.29.1.42
  • Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L. ve Schreiber, T. (2004). The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers: A Journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc, 36(3), 402–407. doi: 10.3758/BF03195588
  • Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L. ve Schreiber, T. A. (1990). Encoding context and retrieval conditions as determinants of the effects of natural category size. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 34–41.
  • Nelson, D. L., Schreiber, T. A. ve McEvoy, C. L. (1992). Processing implicit and explicit representations. Psychological Review, 99, 322–348.
  • Nelson, D. L., Schreiber, T. A. ve Xu, J. (1999). Cue set size effects: sampling activated associates or cross-target interference? Memory & Cognition, 27(3), 465–477. doi: 10.3758/BF03211541
  • Nelson, D. L. ve Zhang, N. (2000). The ties that bind what is known to the recall of what is new. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(5), 1147–1159. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.27.5.1147
  • Nelson, D. L., Zhang, N. ve McKinney, V. M. (2001). The ties that bind what is known to the recognition of what is new. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(5), 1147–1159. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.27.5.1147
  • Reich, R. R. ve Goldman, M. S. (2005). Exploring the alcohol expectancy memory network: The utility of free associates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19(3), 317–325. doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.19.3.317
  • Roediger, H. L., Jacoby, J. D. ve McDermott, K. B. (1996). Misinformation Effects in Recall: Creating False Memories through Repeated Retrieval. Journal of Memory and Language, 35(2), 300–318. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1996.0017
  • Roediger, H. L. ve McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803–814.
  • Stacy, A. W. (1997). Memory activation and expectancy as prospective predictors of alcohol and marijuana use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 61–73.
  • Vikis-Freibergs, V. ve Freibergs, I. (1976). Free association norms in French and English: Inter-linguistic and intra-linguistic comparisons. Canadian Journal Of Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie, 30(3), 123–133. doi:10.1037/h0082054
  • Tabakçı, H. Ş. ve Karakelle, S. (2010). Öğrenilmiş Çaresizliğin Bilme Hissi Kararı Üzerindeki Etkisinin Gelişimsel Olarak İncelenmesi. Psikoloji Çalışmaları Dergisi. http://www.journals.istanbul.edu. tr/iupcd/article/view/1023018497 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Tekcan, A. İ. ve Göz, İ. (2005). Türkçe Kelime Normları (Turkish Word Norms). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
  • Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychologist, 26, 1–12.
  • Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84, 327–352.