AYŞE GÜL GÜVEN, Özlem CANGÖKÇE

7730

Sağlıklı Yetişkinlerde Okuma ve Fonemik-Harf Akıcılığı Üzerinde Eğitim Düzeyi ve Cinsiyetin Rolü"

Bu araştırma 20-35 yaş arası toplam 150 yetişkin ile, okuma ve fonemik-harf akıcılığında cinsiyet ve eğitim düzeyinin etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Katılımcılar, eğitim düzeylerine göre ilkokul, ortaokul-lise, ve üniversite mezunu olarak üç grup oluşturmuş, her eğitim düzeyi grubunda 25 kadın ve 25 erkek yer almıştır. Okuma akıcılığını değerlendirmek için 150 kelimelik okuma parçası; fonemik-harf akıcılığı için, sözlük taraması sonucunda belirlenen Türkçe'de en sık kullanılan iki harf, K ve S kullanılmıştır. Okuma ve fonemik-harf akıcılığı için eğitim düzeyi ve cinsiyete göre ortalama farklarının anlamlı düzeyde olup olmadığı, eğitim düzeyi için tek yönlü ANOVA, cinsiyet için de bağımsız ömeklem t-testi kullanılarak yapılmış, istatistiksel anlamlılıkların hangi gruplar arasında olduğunu belirlemek için gerektiğinde Tukey-HSD testi kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, okuma akıcılığında eğitim ve cinsiyete göre, fonemik akıcılıkta eğitim düzeyine göre anlamlı farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir. Okuma ve fonemik-harf akıcılığı arasındaki ilişki de çalışılmış, okuma hızı ile üretilen toplam kelime sayısı arasında hem kadınlar hem de erkekler için anlamlı ve negatif ilişki bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, eğitim düzeyi ve okuma süresi arasında anlamlı ve negatif, eğitim düzeyi ve toplam kelime sayısı arasında anlamlı ve pozitif ilişki bulunmuştur.

The Role of Education Levels and Gender on Reading and Phonemic (Initial Letter) Fluency in Healthy Adults

Present study is designed to investigate the effects of gender and education level on both reading and phonemic (initial letter) fluency. A total of 150 healthy adults aged between 20-35 years, and grouped in three levels of education (primary school, high school and university graduates) were served as participants. For reading fluency 150 words passage was used. For phonemic fluency, first the most frequently used letters in Turkish were screened from the dictionary. They were letters K and S. Then participants were asked to say as many words as possible in one minute starting with each letter. One-way ANOVA and independent samples-t tests were used for statistical analysis. Significant effects were found for gender and education level in reading fluency task. For phonemic fluency task significant effects were found for education level but no gender effect was found. The level of education was negatively correlated with the reading fluency suggesting that as the year of education increases, the duration for reading 150 words passage decreases. The level of education, on the other hand, was positively correlated with the total number of words produced implying that as the year of education increases, the number of words said in one minute increases as well. The correlation between reading and initial letter fluency was also studied and a significant negative correlation was found for both males and females. As the reading time of 150 words decreases ,the number of total words said in one minute increases, suggesting that good readers may also be good word retrievers.
PDF

___

  • 1. Bayless, K. A., & Tomoeda, C.K. (1983). Confrontation naming impairment in dementia. Brain and Language, 19, 98-114.
  • 2. Benton, A.L. (1968). Differential behavioral effects in frontal lobe disease. Neuropsychologia, 6, 53-60.
  • 3. Bolla, K.I., Gray, S., Resnick, S.M., Galante, R., & Kawas, C. (1998). Category and letter fluency in highly educated older adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 330-338.
  • 4. Bolla, K. I., Lindgren, K.N., Bonaccorsy, C, & Bleecker, M.L. (1990). Predictors of verbal fluency (FAS) in the healthy elderly. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46,623-628.
  • 5. Borkowski, J. G., Benton, A. L., & Spreen, O. (1967). Word fluency and brain damage. Neuropsychologia, 5, 135-140.
  • 6. Breznitz, Z. & Berman, L. (2003). The underlying factors of word reading rate. Educational Psychology Review, 15, 247-265.
  • 7. Butters, N., Sax, D.S., Montgomery, K.L., & Tarlow, S. (1978). Comparison of the neuropsychological deficits associated with early and advanced Huntington's disease. Archives of Neurology, 35, 585-589
  • 8. Collins, A.M., & Loftus, E.F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428.
  • 9. Crowe, S. F. (1998). Decrease in performance on the verbal fluency test as a function of time: Evaluation in a young healthy sample. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropychology, 20, 391-401.
  • 10.Duchin, S. W. & Mysak, E. D. (1987). Disfluency and rate characteristics of young adult, middle-aged, and older males. Journal of Communication Disorders, 20, 245-257.
  • 11.Durgunoğlu, A.Y. (2003). Affective dimensions of adult literacy development. Paper presented at "Accountability for Educational Quality: Shared Responsibility". The Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), Chicago, IL. April 21-25.
  • 12.Durgunoğlu, A.Y. Öney, B. & Kuşcul, H. (2003). Development and evaluation of an adult literacy program in Turkey. International Journal of Educational Development, 23, 17-36.
  • 13.Fossati, P., Guillaume, B., Ergis, A.M., Allilaire, A.M. (2003). Qualitative analysis of verbal fluency in depression. Psychiatry Research, 117, 17-24.
  • 14.Göz, I. (2003). Yazılı Türkçenin Kelime Sıklığı Sözlüğü (Dictionary of Word Frequency in Written Turkish). Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu
  • 15.Ham, R. (1986). Techniques of stuttering therapy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
  • 16.Haselager, G; J. T., Slis, I. H. & Rietveld, A. C. M. (1991). An alternative method of studying the development of speech rate. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 5, 53-63.
  • 17.Jescheniak, J.D., & Levelt, W. J. M. (1994). Word frequency effects in speech production: Retrieval of syntactic information and of phonological form. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 20, 824-843,
  • 18.Johnson, D.J. (1993). Relationsips between oral and written language. School Psychology Review, 22, 595-610.
  • 19.Johnson-Selfridge, M.T., Zalewski, C, & Aboudarham, J.F. (1998). The relationship between ethnicity and word fluency. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13, 319-325.
  • 20.Karbe, H., Kessler, J., Herholz, K., Fink, G.R., & Heiss, W.D. (1995). Long-term prognosis of poststroke aphasia studied with Positron Emission Tomography. Archives of Neurology, 52, 186-190.
  • 21.Kosmidis, M. H., Bozikas, V.P., Vlahou, C.H., Kiosseoglou, G., Giaglis, G., & Karavatos, A. (2005). Verbal fluency in institutionalized patients with schizophrenia: Age- related performance decline. Psychiatry Research, 134,233-240.
  • 22.Kozora, E. & Cullum, C. M. (1995). Generative naming in normal aging: Total output and qualitative changes using phonemic and semantic constraints. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9, 313-320.
  • 23.Lerkkanen, M. J, Rasku-Puttonen, H., Aunola, K. & Nurmi, J. E. (2004). Predicting reading performance during first and the second year of primary school. British Educational Research Journal, 30, 67-92.
  • 24.Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd.ed). New York: Oxford University Pres.
  • 25.Lutz, K.C. & Mallard, A.R. (1986). Disfluencies and rate of speech in young adult nonstutterers. Journul of Fluency Disorders, 11,307-316.
  • 26.Martin, A., Wiggs, C. L., LaLonde, F., & Mack, C. (1994). Word retrieval to letter and semantic cues: a double dissociation in normal participants using interference tasks. Neuropsychologia, 32, 1487-1484.
  • 27.Miller, E. (1984). Verbal fluency as a function of a measure of verbal intelligence and in relation to different types of cerebral pathology. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23, 53-57.
  • 28.Monsch, A. U., Bondi, M. W., Butters, N., Paulsen, J.S., Salmon, D.P., Brugger, P, P., & Swenson, M. R. (1994). A comparison of category and letter fluency in Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. Neuropsychology, 8, 25-30.
  • 29.Owens, R.E., Metz, D.E., & Haas, A. (2000). Introduction to communication disorders: A life span perspectives. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • 30.Perkins, R. W. (1973). Replacement of stuttering with normal speech: II. Clinical procedures. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 38, 283-294.
  • 31.Price, C. J., McCrory, E., Noppeney, U., Mechelli, A., Moore, C. J., Biggio, N. & Devlin, J.T. (2006). How reading differs from object naming at the neuronal level. Neurolmage, 29, 643-648
  • 32.Prins, D. (1994). Fluency and stuttering. In F.D. Minifie (Ed.), Introduction to communication sciences and disorders (pp:521-559). San Diego: Singular Publishing Group.
  • 33.Ramdas, L. (1990). Women and literacy problem: An analysis. Convergence. 23, 37-48.
  • 34.Raskin, S. A., & Rearick, E. (1996). Verbal fluency in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology, 10, 416-422.
  • 35.Ratcliff, G., Ganguli, M., Chandra, V., Sharma, S., Belle, S., Seaberg, E., & Pandav, R. (1998). Effects of literacy and education on measures of word fluency. Brain and Language, 61, 115-122.
  • 36.Rideout, B. E., & Winchester, L. (1990). Effects on verbal fluency associated with sex, practice, and stimulus letter. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 656-658.
  • 37.Robert, P.H., LaFront, V., Medecin, I., Berthet, L., Thauby, S., Baudu, C, Darcourt, G. (1998). Clustering and switching startegies in verbal fluency taks: Comparison between schizophrenics and healthy adults. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 539-546.
  • 38.Rodriguez-Aranda, C. (2003). Reduced writing and reading speed and age-related changes in verbal fluency tasks. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 2003-215.
  • 39.Rosen, W.G. (1980). Verbal fluency in aging and dementia. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2, 135-146.
  • 40.Ruff, R. M., Light, R.H., Parker, S.B. & Levin, H.S. (1996). Benton Controlled Oral Word association test: Reliability and updated norms. Archives of Clinical Neuwpsyschology, 11, 329-338.
  • 41.Ruff, R. M., Light, R.H., Parker, S.B. & Levin, H.S. (1997). The psychological construct of word fluency. Brain and Language, 57, 394-405.
  • 42.Sarno, M. T., & Levita, E. (1979). Recovery in treated aphasia in the first year poststroke. Stroke, 10, 663-670.
  • 43.Samo, M.T., Postman, W. A., Cho, Y.S., & Norman, R.G. (2005). Evolution of phonemic word fluency performance in post-stroke aphasia. Journal of Communication Disorders, 38, 83-107.
  • 44.Sauzeon, H., Lestage, P., Raboutet, C, N'Kaoua, B., & Claverie, B. (2004). Verbal fluency output in children aged 7-16 as a function of the production criterion: Qualitative analysis of clustering, switching processes, and semantic network exploitation. Brain and Language, 89, 192-2002.
  • 45.Sherman, A.M., & Massman, P.J. (1999). Prevalence and correlates of category versus letter fluency in discrepancies in Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 411 -418.
  • 46.Shine, R.E. (1984). Assessment and fluency training with the young stutterer. In M. Peins (Ed.). Contemporary approaches in stuttering therapy (pp: 173-216). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
  • 47.Sincoff, J. B. & Stemberg, R. J. (1988). Development of verbal fluency ablities and strategies in elementary-school-age children. Developmental Psychology, 5, 646-653.
  • 48.Spreen, O., & Benton, A.L. (1977). Neurosensory center comprehensive examination for aphasia: Manual of instructions (NCCEA-revised ed). Victoria, BC: University of Victoria.
  • 49.Starkweather, C. W., Gottwald, S.R., & Halfond, M. M. (1990). Stuttering prevention: A clinical method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • 50.Tombaugh, T. N., Kozak, J., & Rees, L. (1999). Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and animal naming. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 167-177.
  • 51.Troyer, A. K., Moscovitch, M., Vinocur, G., Alexander, M. P. & Stu ss, D. (1998). Clustering and switching on verbal fluency: the effects of focal frontal- and temporal- lobe lesions. Neuwpsychologia, 36, 499-504.
  • 52.Venkatagiri, H. S. (1999). Clinical measurement of rate of reading and dicourse rate in young adults. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 24, 209-226.
  • 53.Vilkki, J., & Hoist, P. (1994). Speed and flexibility on word fluency tasks after focal brain lesions. Neuropsychologia, 32, 1257-1262.
  • 54.Walsh, K. (1990). Neuropsychology: A clinical approach (2nd ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone.
Türk Psikoloji Dergisi-Cover
  • ISSN: 1300-4433
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 1978
  • Yayıncı: Türk Psikologlar Derneği
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Çift-Kariyerli Ailelerde Bireylerin Yaşadıkları İş-Aile ve Aile-İş Çatışmalarının Kendini Kurgulama Davranışı ve Yaşam Olayları ile İlişkisi

Deniz GİRAY, Canan ERGİN

Ergenlik Döneminde Yaş, Toplumsal Cinsiyet, Bireysel ve İlişkisel Tutumlar, Benlik Değeri ve Yaşam Becerilerine İlişkin Algı Arasındaki İlişkiler

Gülden GÜVENÇ, Vezir AKTAŞ

Yetişkin Bağlanma Ölçeklerinin Kategoriler ve Boyutlar Düzeyinde Karşılaştırılması

Nebi SÜMER

Sağlıklı Yetişkinlerde Okuma ve Fonemik-Harf Akıcılığı Üzerinde Eğitim Düzeyi ve Cinsiyetin Rolü"

AYŞE GÜL GÜVEN, Özlem CANGÖKÇE

Bir Grup Gençte Yeme Tutumu ve Öfke Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Ayşegül BATIGÜN DURAK, Çisem UTKU

Performans Değerlerinde Geleneksel Olmayan Değerlendirici Kaynaklarının Kullanımı

H. Canan SÜMER, Reyhan BİLGİÇ