Orta Çocukluk Döneminde Ebeveynlere Bağlanma, Benlik Algısı ve Kaygı

Bu çalışmada orta çocukluk döneminde ebeveynlere bağlanmanın öznel benlik alanları ve kaygı üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Anneye ve babaya bağlanmanın öznel benlik alanlarını (akademik yeterlik, atletik yeterlik, sosyal onay, fiziksel görünüm ve davranıştan hoşnut olma), bütünsel özdeğeri ve kaygıyı yordamada farklılaşacağı öngörülmüştür. Ayrıca bağlanmanın benlik değerlendirmeleri aracılığı ile kaygıyı yordayacağına ilişkin bir model de test edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Kerns, Klepac ve Cole (1996) tarafından geliştirilen Kerns Güvenli Bağlanma Ölçeği'nin (KGBÖ) Türk örneklemi üzerinde güvenirlik ve geçerliği de sınanmıştır. İlköğretim 5. ve 6. sınıf öğrencileri (N = 194) KGBÖ, benlik alanlarında değerlendirme ve kaygı ölçeklerini doldurmuşlardır. Bulgular, KGBÖ'nün Türk örneklemi için psikometrik kalitesinin yeterli olduğunu göstermiştir. Anne ve babaya güvenli bağlanmanın birbirinden bağımsız olarak bütün benlik alanlarında olumlu değerlendirmeyle ve düşük kaygıyla ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Anne ve babaya bağlanma arasındaki ortak etkinin de fiziksel görünüm algısı ve bütünsel özdeğeri anlamlı olarak yordadığı bulunmuştur. Son olarak, benlik değerlendirmelerinin bağlanma ile kaygı arasında tam aracı değişken rolü üstlendiği saptanmıştır. Bulgular özellikle orta çocuklukta babaya bağlanmanın artan önemi dikkate alınarak tartışılmıştır.

Attachment to Parents During Middle Childhood, Self-Perceptions, and Anxiety

The current study examines the impact of attachment to parents during middle childhood on the domains of self-perceptions and anxiety. It was expected that attachment to mother and father will have differential effects in predicting self-perceptions in various domains (scholastic competence, athletic competence, social acceptance, physical appearance, and, behavioral conduct), global self-worth, and anxiety. Furthermore, a mediational model suggesting that attachment to parents predicts anxiety via self-perceptions was tested. Within this framework, reliability and validity of Kerns' Security Scale (KSS; developed by Kerns, Klepac & Cole, 1996) were also examined for Turkish sample. Fifth and 6th grade students (N= 194) completed scales on the self-perception domains, attachment, and anxiety. Results revealed satisfactory psychometric qualities for the KSS for the Turkish sample. Secure attachment to mother and father uniquely associated with positive evaluations in all self-domains and low levels of anxiety. In addition, the interaction between mother and father attachment significantly predicted the perception of physical appearance and global self-worth. Lastly, findings supported the proposed model suggesting that self-perceptions mediate the link between attachment and anxiety. Results were discussed considering the increasing importance of attachment to father during middle childhood.

___

  • Aiken, L. S. ve West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. London: Sage Publications.
  • Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M. C, Waters, E. ve Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Allen, J. P., Moore, C. W, Kuperminc, G. P. ve Bell, K. (1998). Attachment and adolescent psychosocial functioning. Child Development, 69 (5), 1406-1419.
  • Anafarta, M. (2007). The psychometric qualities of the knowledge of secure base script-prompt word outline method: Multi-sample evaluation of the validity and the reliability. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi. Ankara.
  • Armsden, G. C. ve Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427-454.
  • Barrett, P. M. (2000). Treatment of childhood anxiety: Developmental aspects. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 479.494.
  • Baron, R. M. ve Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6), 1173-1182.
  • Bartholomew, K. ve Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.
  • Bartholomew, K. ve Shaver, P. R. (1998). Measures of attachment: Do they converge? J. A. Simpson ve W. S. Rholes, (Ed.), Attachment theory and close relationships içinde (25-45). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
  • Booth-LaForce, C, Oh, W., Kim, A. H., Rubin, K. H., Rose-Krasnor, L. ve Burgess, K. B. (2006). Attachment, self-worth, and peer-group functioning in middle childhood. Attachment and Human Development, 8 (4), 309-325.
  • Booth-LaForce, C, Rubin, K. H., Rose-Krasnor, L. ve Burgess, K. B. (2005). Attachment and friendship predictors of psychosocial functioning in middle childhood and the mediating roles of social support and self-worth. K. A. Kerns ve R. A. Richardson, (Ed.), Attachment in middle childhood içinde (161-188). New York: Guilford Press
  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss VolII: Seperation. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss Vol III: Loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol I. Attachment (2. baskı). New York: Basic Books.
  • Bögels, S. M ve Brechman-Toussaint, M. L. (2006). Family issues in child anxiety: Attachment, family functioning, parental rearing and beliefs. Clinical Psychology Review, 26 (7), 834-56.
  • Brennan, K.A., Clark, C. L. ve Shaver, P.R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. J. A. Simpson ve W. S. Rholes, (Ed.), Attach¬ment theory and close relationships içinde (46-76). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. I. Bretherton ve E. Waters, (Ed.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1-2), Serial No. 209.
  • Bretherton, I., Ridgeway, D. ve Cassidy, J. (1990). Assessing internal working models of the attachment relationship: An attachment story completion task for 3-year-olds. M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti ve E. M. Cummings, (Ed.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention içinde (273-308). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Cassidy, J. (1988). Child mother attachment and the şelfin six-years-olds. Child Development, 59, 121-134.
  • Cassidy, J. (1999) The nature of the child's ties. J. Cassidy ve P. Shaver, (Ed.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications. New York: Guilford.
  • Cassidy, J., Kirsh, S. J., Scolton, K. L. ve Parke, R. D. (1996). Attachment and representations of peer relationships. Developmental Psychology, 32, 892-904.
  • Coleman, P. K. (2003). Perceptions of parent-child attachment, social self-efficacy, and peer relationships in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 12, 351-368.
  • Crittenden, P. M. (1992). The quality of attachment in the preschool years. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 209-241.
  • DeWolff, M. S. ve Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1977). Sensitivity and attachment: A metaanalysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Infant Attachment, 68, 571 -591.
  • Dwyer, K. M. (2005). The meaning of attachment in middle and late childhood. Human Development, 48, 155-182.
  • Finnegan, R. A., Hodges, E. V. E. ve Perry, D. G. (1996). Preoccupied and avoidant coping during middle childhood. Child Development, 67(4), 1318-1328.
  • Gabay, R. (1994). Çocuklarda benlik sisteminin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Granot, D. ve Mayseless, O. (2001). Attachment security and adjustment to school in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 530-541.
  • Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., Fremmer-Bombik, E., Kindler, H., Scheurer-Englisch, H. ve Zimmerman, P. (2002). The uniqueness of the child-father attachment relationship: Fathers' sensitive and challenging play as a pivotal variable in a 16-year longitudinal study. Social Development, 77,307-331.
  • Günaydın, G., Selçuk, E., Sümer, N. ve Uysal, A. (2005). Ebeveyn ve Arkadaşlara Bağlanma Envanteri Kısa Formu'nun psikometrik açıdan değerlendirilmesi Türk Psikoloji Yazıları. 8, 13-28.
  • Harter, S. (1982). The percieved competence scale for children. Child Development, 53, 87-97.
  • Harter, S. (1985). Manual for the self-perception profile for children. University of Denver.
  • Harter, S. (1998). The development of self-representations. W. Damon (Seri Ed.) ve Nancy Eisenberg (Cilt Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Cilt 3), Social, emotional, and personality development (5. baskı). New York: Wiley.
  • Hazan, C. ve Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
  • Hu, L. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
  • İlkin, Z. (1997). İlkokul çağındaki çocuklarda kendilik algısı. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Joreskog, K. ve Sorbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2007). Family, self, and human development across cultures: Theory and applications. L. Erlbaum Associates.
  • Kerns, K. A., Aspelmeier, J. E., Gentzler, A. L. ve Grabill, C. M. (2001). Parent-child attachment and monitoring in middle childhood. Journal of Family Psychology, 15 (1), 69-81.
  • Kerns, K. A., Klepac, L. ve Cole, A. (1996). Peer relationships and preadolescents' perceptions of security in the child-mother relationship. Developmental Psychology, 32,457-466.
  • Kerns, K. A., Schlegelmilch, A., Morgan, T. A. ve Abraham, M. M. (2005). Assessing attachment in middle childhood. K. A. Kerns ve R. A. Richardson, (Ed.), Attachment in middle childhood içinde (46-70). New York: Guilford
  • Kerns, K. A., Tomich, P. L., Aspelmeier, J. E. ve Contreras, J. M. (2000). Attachment-based assessments of parent-child relationships in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 36(5), 614-626.
  • Levitt, M. J., Guacci-Franco, N. ve Levitt, J. L. (1993). Convoys of social support in middle childhood and early adolescence: Structure and function. Developmental Psychology, 29, 811-818.
  • Lieberman, M., Doyle, A. B. ve Markiewicz, D. (1999). Developmental patterns in security of attachment to mother and father in late childhood and early adolescence: Associations with peer relations. Child Development, 70 (1), 202-213.
  • Main, M. ve Cassidy, J. (1988). Categories of response to reunion with the parent at the age 6: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a 1-month period. Developmental Psychology, 24, 1-12.
  • Main, M., Kaplan, N. ve Cassidy. J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. I. Bretherton ve E. Waters, (Ed.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1-2), Serial No. 209.
  • Mayseless, O. (2005). Ontogeny of attachment in middle childhood: Conceptualization of normative changes. K. A. Kerns ve R. A. Richardson, (Ed.). Attachment in middle childhoodiçinde (1-23). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Özusta, Ş. (1993). Çocuklar için durumluk-sürekli kaygı envanterinin uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlilik çalışması. Yayınlanmamış uzmanlık tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü: Ankara.
  • Pietromonaco, P. R. ve Barrett, L. F. (2000). The internal working models concept: What do we really know about the şelfin relation to others? Review of General Psychology, 2, 155-175.
  • Richardson, R. A. (2005). Developmental contextual considerations of parent-child attachment in the later middle childhood years. K. A. Kerns ve R. A. Richardson, (Ed.), Attachment in middle childhood içinde (24-46). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Roisman, G. I., Holland, A., Fortuna, K., Fraley, R. C, Clausell, E. ve Clarke, A. (2007). The Adult Attachment Interview and self-reports of attachment style: An empirical rapprochement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 678-697.
  • Selçuk, E., Günaydın, G., Sümer, N. ve Uysal A. (2005). Yetişkin bağlanma boyutları için yeni bir ölçüm: Yakm İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri-II'nin Türk örnekleminde psikometrik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 8, 1-11. Spielberger, C. (1973). State-trait anxiety inventory for children. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychological Press.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3 (6), 49-74.
  • Sümer, N. (2006). Yetişkin bağlanma ölçeklerinin kategoriler ve boyutlar düzeyinde karşılaştırılması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 21, 1-22.
  • Sümer, N. ve Güngör, D. (1999). Yetişkin bağlanma stili ölçeklerinin Türk örneklemi üzerinde psikometrik değerlendirmesi ve kültürlerarası bir karşılaştırma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14, 71-106.
  • Suess, J. G., Grossmann, K. E. ve Sroufe, L. A. (1992). Effects of infant attachment to mother and father on quality of adaptation in preschool: From dyadic to individual organization of self. International Journal of Behavior Development, 15,43-65.
  • Thompson, R. A. (1999). Early attachment and later development. J. Cassidy ve P. R. Shaver, (Ed.), Handbook of attachment içinde (265-286). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Türköz, Y. (2007). Okulöncesi çocuklarda bağlanma örüntüsünün kişilerarası problem çözme ve açık bellek süreçlerine etkisi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi: Ankara.
  • Uluç, S. (2005). Okul öncesi çocuklarda benliğe ilişkin inançlar, kişilerarsı şemalar ve bağlanma ilişkisinin temsilleri arasındaki ilişki: Ebeveynlerin kişilerarası şemalarının ve bağlanma modellerinin etkisi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi: Ankara.
  • Verschueren, K. ve Marcoen, A. (2002). Perceptions of self and relationship with parents in aggressive and nonaggressive rejected children. Journal of School Psychology, 40 (6), 501-522.
  • Verschueren, K. ve Marcoen, A. (2005). Perceived security of attachment to mother and father: Developmental differences and relations to self-worth and peer relationships at school. K. A. Kerns ve R. A. Richardson, (Ed.), Attachment in middle childhood içinde (212-230). New York: Guilford Press
  • Verschueren, K., Marcoen, A. ve Schoefs, V. (1996). The internal working model of the self, attachment, and competence in five-year-olds. Child Development, 57,2493-2511.
  • Waters, E. (1995). The Attachment Q-Set (version 3). E. Waters, B. E. Vaughn, G. Posada ve K. Kondo-Ikemura, (Ed.), Caregiving, cultural and cognitive perspectives on secure-base behavior and working models: New growing points of attachment theory and research içinde (234-246). Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60 (2-3), Serial No. 244.