Bağlanma ve Psikopatoloji: Bağlanma Boyutlarının Depresyon, Panik Bozukluk ve Obsesif-Kompulsif Bozuklukla İlişkisi

Bu çalışmanın amacı yetişkin bağlanma boyutlarının farklı psikopatoloji türleri ile ilişkisini Türk örnekleminde incelemektir. Çalışmaya depresyon, obsesif-kompulsif bozukluk (OKB) ve panik bozukluk (PB) tanısı konulan 104 kişi ile herhangi bir psikopatoloji tanısı konmayan 77 kişi katılmıştır. Katılımcıların yetişkin bağlanma stilleri özbildirim yoluyla ölçülmüştür. Bağlanma kaygısı ve kaçınma boyutları üzerinde yapılan karşılaştırmalarda her üç klinik grubun da kontrol grubundan anlamlı olarak yüksek düzeylerde bağlanma kaygısı rapor ettikleri bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, depresyon tanısı alanların OKB ve PB tanısı alanlardan daha yüksek düzeyde bağlanma kaçınması bildirdikleri bulunmuştur. Grupların temel bağlanma boyutlarında ne oranda ayrıştıklarını görmek amacıyla yapılan ayırdedici fonksiyon analizinde, kaygı ile tanımlanan birinci fonksiyonda kontrol grubunun diğer bütün psikopatoloji gruplarından ayrıldığı, kaçınma ile tanımlanan ikinci fonksiyonda da depresyon grubunun diğer gruplardan ayrıldığı görülmüştür. Bağlanmaya ilişkin kaygı ve kaçınma psikopatolojiye yatkınlık bakımından bir risk faktörü olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çalışma bulguları ışığında ve kültürel faktörler dikkate alınarak yetişkinlikte bağlanma ile psikopatoloji arasındaki olası ilişkiler tartışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

Türkiye

Attachment and Psychopathology: Relationship Between Adult Attachment and Depression, Panic Disorder, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between adult attachment dimensions and different types of psychopathologies. One hundred and four individuals who were diagnosed with depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or panic disorder; and 77 individuals who were not diagnosed with a psychopathology (i.e., control group) participated in the study. Participants completed self-report measures of adult attachment. All three disorder groups reported higher attachment anxiety as compared to the control group. Moreover, patients diagnosed with depression reported higher avoidant attachment as compared to the other disorder groups. A discriminant function analysis was conducted to test if adult attachment dimensions discriminate among different disorder groups and the control group. First function, which was defined by attachment anxiety, discriminated the control group from the three psychopathology groups and the second function, which was defined by attachment avoidance, discriminated the depression group from the other groups. These findings indicate that high attachment anxiety and avoidance emerge as risk factors to develop psychopathology. Possible mechanisms mediating the link between adult attachment and psychopathology are discussed in light of findings of the current study and cultural factors.
Keywords:

Turkey,

___

  • Bifulco, A., Moran, P. M., Ball, C. ve Bernazzani, O. (2002). Adult attachment style: I. Its relationship to clinical depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37, 50-59.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Routledge.
  • Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L. ve Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment. J. A. Simpson ve W. S. Rholes, (Ed.), Attachment theory and close relationships içinde (46-76). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Brennan, K. A. ve Shaver, P. R. (1998). Attachment styles and personality disorders: Their connections to each other and to parental divorce, parental death, and perceptions of parental caregiving. Journal of Personality, 66, 835-878.
  • Carnelley, K. B., Pietromonaco, P. R. ve Jaffe, K. (1994). Depression, workingmodels of others, and relationship functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 127-140.
  • Cole-Detke, H. ve Kobak, R. (1996). Attachment processes in eating disorder and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64,282-290.
  • Cooper, L. M., Shaver, P. R. ve Collins, N. L. (1998). Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1380-1397.
  • Crawford, T. N., Shaver, P. R., Cohen, P., Pilkonis, P. A., Gillath, O. ve Kasen, S. (2006). Self-reported attachment, interpersonal aggression, and personality disorder in a prospective community sample of adolescents and adults. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20, 331 -351.
  • Cyranowski, J. M., Bookwala, J., Feske, U., Houck, P., Pilkonis, P., Kostelnik, B. ve Frank, E. (2002). Adult attachment profiles, interpersonal difficulties, and response to interpersonal psychotherapy in women with recurrent major depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 191-217.
  • Dozier, M., Stovall, K. C. ve Albus, K. E. (1999). Attachment and psychopathology in adulthood. J. Cassidy ve P. R. Shaver, (Ed.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications içinde (497-519). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Fraley, R. C. ve Waller, N. G. (1998). Adult attachment patterns: A test of the typological model. J. A. Simpson ve W. S. Rholes, (Ed.), Attachment theory and close relationships içinde (77-114). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Griffin, D. W. ve Bartholomew, K. (1994). The metaphysics of measurement: The case of adult attachment. K. Bartholomew ve D. Perlman, (Ed.), Advances in personal relationships: Attachment processes in adulthood (Cilt 5) içinde (17-52). London: Jessica Kingsley.
  • İmamoğlu, E. O. (2003). Individuation and relatedness: Not opposing, but distinct and complementary. Genetic, Soci¬al, and General Psychology Monographs, 129, 361-402.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, C. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 403-422.
  • Kurdek, L. A. (2002). On Being Insecure about the Assessment of Attachment Styles. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 19, 811-834.
  • Meyer, B. ve Pilkonis, P. A., Proietti, J., Heape, C. ve Egan, M. (2001). Attachment styles, personality disorders, and predictors of symtom course. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 371-389.
  • Mikulincer, M. ve Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment patterns in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Pielage, S., Gerlsma, C. ve Schaap, C. (2000). Insecure attachment as a risk factor for psychopathology: The role of stressful events. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 7,296-302.
  • Roberts, J. E., Gotlib, I. H. ve Kassel, J. D. (1996). Adult attachment security and symptoms of depression: The mediating roles of dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70,310-320.
  • Rothbaum, R, Rosen, K., Ujie, T. ve Uchida, N. (2002). Family systems theory, attachment theory, and culture. Family Process, 41, 328-350.
  • Rothbaum, R, Weisz, J., Pott., Kazuo, M. ve Morelli, G. (2000). Attacİıment and culture: Security in the United States and Japan. American Psychologist, 55, 1093-1104.
  • Sam, D. L. ve Moreira, V. (2002). The mutual embeddedness of culture and mental illness. W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes ve D. N. Sattler, (Ed.), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 9, Chapter 1), (http://www. wwu.edu/~culture), Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington USA.
  • Shaver, P. R., Schachner, D. A. ve Mikulincer, M. (2005). Attachment style, excessive reassurance seeking, relationship processes, and depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31,343-359.
  • Shorey, H. S. ve Snyder, C. R. (2006). The role of adult attachment styles in psychopathology and psychotherapy outcomes. Review of General Psychology, 10, 1-20.
  • Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., Campbell, L., Tran, S. ve Wilson, C. L. (2003). Adult attachment, the transition to parenthood, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1172-1187.
  • Sümer, N. (2006). Yetişkin bağlanma ölçeklerinin kategoriler ve boyutlar düzeyinde karşılaştırılması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 21,1-22.
  • Sümer, N. ve Güngör, D. (1999). Yetişkin bağlanma stilleri ölçeklerinin Türk öraeklemi üzerinde psikometrik değerlendirmesi ve kültürlerarası bir karşılaştırma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14, 71-109.
  • Tanaka-Matsumi, J. ve Draguns, J. G. (1997). Culture and psychopathology. J. W. Berry , M. H. Segall ve C. Kağıtçıbaşı, (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Cilt 3) Social behavior and applications (2. baskı) içinde (449-492). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Thompson, R. A. (1999). Early attachment and later development. J. Cassidy ve P. R. Shaver, (Ed.), Handbook of attachment içinde (265-286). New York: Guilford.
  • van IJzendoorn, M. H. ve Sagi, A. (1999). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: Universal and contextual dimensions. J. Cassidy ve P. R. Shaver, (Ed.), Handbook of attachment: Theory research and clinical applications içinde (713734). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Wei, M., Mallinckrodt, B., Russell, D. W. ve Abraham, W. (2004). Maladaptive perfectionism as a mediator and moderator between adult attachment and depressive mood. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 201-212.