Kim Ebeveyn? 12-Yaş Çocuklarının Ebeveynleşme Davranışlarını Yordayan Etkenler

Bu araştırmanın amacı, çocukların benlik kurguları ve açıkladıkları ebeveynleşme davranışları arasındaki ilişkide toplumsal cinsiyetin aracı rolünü incelemektir. İlişkisel benlik kurgusunun ağırlıkla duygusal ebeveynleşme boyutu-nu, bağımsız benlik kurgusunun ise fiziksel ebeveynleşmeyi yordaması beklenmiştir. Bununla beraber, bu ilişkilerin kız çocuklarında anlamlı farklılık yaratırken, oğlan çocukları için anlamlı bir fark yaratmayacağı öngörülmüştür. Araştırmaya 156 katılımcı (78 anne-çocuk çifti) katılmıştır. Bulgulara göre, annenin bağlanma kaygısı ve kaçınması kontrol edildiğinde, kendini daha bağımsız olarak tanımlayan kız çocukları, daha az fiziksel ebeveynleşme davranışı gösterdiklerini belirtmişlerdir. Ayrıca kendini daha ilişkisel olarak tanımlayan kız çocukları daha fazla duygusal ebeveynleşme davranışı sergilediklerini belirtmişlerdir. Oğlan çocukları içinse anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır. Bul-gular, benlik kurguları ve toplumsal cinsiyetin ebeveynleşme davranışları üzerindeki ortak etkisini işaret etmektedir. Çalışmanın bulguları ilgili alanyazın temelinde tartışılmıştır.

___

Abraham, K. M. ve Stein, C. H. (2013). When mom has a mental illness: Role reversal and psychosocial adjust-ment among emerging adults. Journal of Clinical Psy-chology, 69, 600–615. doi: 10.1002/jclp.21950

Agrawal, N. ve Maheswaran, D. (2005). The effects of self-construal and commitment on persuasi-on. Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 841–849. doi:10.1086/426620

Aiken, L. S. ve West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park: Sage.Akün, E. (2017). Çocukluktaki ebeveynleşme yaşantılarının özellikleri ve birey üzerindeki etkileri. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 5, 219–246. doi: 10.7816/nesne-05-10-02

Antalyalı, Ö. L. ve Özkul, A. S. (2016). The psychomet-ric evaluation of Experiences in Close Relations-hips-Revised-Short Form (ECR-RS) for admi-nistrative and organizational researches. Balkan Journal of Social Sciences, Aralık, 640–655. Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2014 Erişim adresi: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11776/1831

Barnett, B. ve Parker, G. (1998). The parentified child: Early competence or childhood deprivation? Child Psycho-logy and Psychiatry Review, 3(4), 146–155.

Baron, R. M. ve Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-medi-ator variable distinction in social psychological resear-ch: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.

Berk, L. E. (2008). Child Development (7. basım). Toronto, Canada: Pearson Education.

Boszormenyi-Nagy, I. ve Spark, G. (1973). Invisible loyali-ties, New York, NY: Harper and Row Publications.

Burnett, G., Jones, R., Bliwise, N. G. ve Ross, L. T. (2012). Family unpredictability, parental alcoho-lism, and the development of parentification. Ame-rican Journal of Family Therapy, 34, 181–189. doi:10.1080/01926180600550437

Burton, L. (2007). Childhood adultification in economically disadvantaged families: A conceptual model. Family Relations, 56, 329–345. doi:10.1111/j.17413729.2007.00463.x

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. An-nals of Child Development, 6, 187–249.Byng-Hall, J. (2002). Relieving parentified child-ren’s burdens in families with insecure attach-ment patterns. Family Process, 41, 375– 388. doi: 10.1111/j.15455300.2002.41307.x

Carpenter, S. ve Meade-Pruitt, S. M. (2008). Does the Twenty Statements Test elicit self-concept aspects that are most descriptive? World Cultures eJournal, 16(1).

Champion, J. E., Jaser, S. S., Reeslund, K. L., Simmons, L., Potts, J. E., Shears, A. R. ve Compas, B. E. (2009). Caretaking behaviors by adolescent children of mo-thers with and without a history of depression. Jour-nal of Family Psychology, 23, 156–175. doi:10.1037/a0014978

Chase, N. (1999). Burdened children: Theory, research, and treatment parentification. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Cook, J. L. ve Cook, G. (2009). Excerpt from child deve-lopment principles and perspectives. Boston: Allon & Bacon.Cousins, S. D. (1989). Culture and self-perception in Japan and the United States. Journal of Personality and Soci-al Psychology,56, 124–131.

Cross, S. E., Hardin, E. E. ve Gercek-Swing, B. (2011). The what, how, why, and where of self-construal. Perso-nality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 142–179. doi:10.1177/1088868310373752

Cross, S. E. ve Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 5–37. doi: 0033-2909/97/S3.00

Çarkoğlu, A. (2016). Türkiye’de toplumsal cinsiyet rolle-rinin ve kadının toplumdaki yerinin kamuoyundaki algısı araştırması. Kadir Has Üniversitesi Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Kadın Araştırmaları Merkezi. İstanbul, Türkiye. Erişim tarihi: 05.05.2017 Erişim adresi: ht-tps://www.khas.edu.tr/tr/haberler/turkiyede-toplum-sal-cinsiyet-ve-kadin-algisi-arastirmasi-0

Derogatis, L. R. (2001). Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)-18: Administration, scoring and procedures manual. Min-neapolis, MN: NCS Pearson.

Earley, L. ve Cushway, D. (2002). The parentified child. Cli-nical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 163–178. doi: 10.1177/1359104502007002005

Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G. ve Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self report measu-res of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78, 350–365. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.78.2.350

Gardner, W. L., Gabriel, S. ve Lee, A. L. (1999). “I’’ value freedom, but “we’’ value relationships: Self-construal priming mirrors cultural differences in judgments. Ps-ychological Science, 10, 321–326. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00162

Haden, C. A. ve Hoffman, P. C. (2013). Cracking the code: Using personal narratives in research. Journal of Cognition and Development,14, 361–375. doi: 10.1080/15248372.2013.805135

Hartley, W. S. (1970). Manual for the Twenty Statements problem. Kansas City, MO: Department of Research, Greater Kansas City Mental Health Foundation.

Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Hooper, L. M. (2007). The application of attachment the-ory and family systems theory to the phenomena of parentification. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 15, 217–223. doi: 10.1177/1066480707301290

Hooper, L. M. (2008). Defining and understanding parenti-fication: Implications for all counselors. The Alabama Counseling Association Journal, 34(1), 35–43.

Hooper, L. M. (2012). Parentification. R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence içinde (s. 2023–2031). New York, NY: Springer.

Hooper, L. M. ve Wallace, A. S. (2010) Evaluating the paren-tification questionnaire: Psychometric properties and psychopathology correlates. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 32, 52–68.doi: 10.1007/s10591-009-9103-9

Işık-Baş, H., Şahin-Acar, B. ve Özen-Çıplak, A. (2018). An-ne-ergen çiftlerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ile ilgili algısının içerik analizi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 21(41), 41–56.İmamoğlu, E. O. (1998). Individualism and collectivism in a model and scale of balanced differentiation-integrati-on. The Journal of Psychology, 132, 95–105.

İmamoğlu, E. O. (2004). Individuation and relatedness: Not opposing but distinct and complementary. Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs, 129, 367–402.

Jurkovic, B. G. J. (1998). Destructive parentification in fa-milies: Causes and consequences. L. L’Abate (Ed.), Family psychopathology: The relational roots of dy-sfunctional behavior içinde(s. 237–255). New York, NY: Guildford Press.

Jurkovic, B. G. J., Morrell, R. ve Thirkield, A. (1999). Asses-sing childhood parentification: Guidelines for researc-hers and practitioners. N. Chase (Ed.), Burdened child-ren: Theory, research and treatment of parentification içinde (s. 92–115). London: Sage.

Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cul-tural context: Implications for self and family. Jour-nal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 403–422. doi: 10.1177/0022022105275959

Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2007). Family, self and human development across cultures: Theory and applications. (2. basım). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Kağıtçıbaşı, C. ve Ataca, B. (2005). Value of children and family change: A three-decade portrait from Turkey. Applied Psychology, 54, 317–337. doi:10.1111/j.14640597.2005.00213.x

Khafi, T. Y., Yates, T. M. ve Luthar, S. S. (2014). Ethnic differences in the developmental significance of pa-rentification. Family Process, 53, 267–287. http://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12072

Kovacs, M. (1985). The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 21, 995–998.

Köyden, D. (2015). Ebeveynleşme olgusunun depresyon, kaygı, öfke ve obsesif inanış biçimleriyle ilişkisinin in-celenmesi (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ha-cettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara: Türkiye.

Kuczynski, L. ve De Mol, J. (2015). Dialectical models of so-cialization. W. F. Overton ve P. C. M. Molenaar (Ed.), Theory and Method. Volume 1 of the Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science içinde (s. 326–368, 7. baskı), Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Kuhn, M.H. ve McPartland, T.S. (1954). An empirical in-vestigation of self-attitudes. American Sociological Review, 19 (1), 68–76.

Macfie, J., Fitzpatrick, K. L., Rivas, E. M. ve Cox, M. C. (2008). Independent influences upon mother-toddler role reversal: Infant-mother attachment disorgani-zation and role reversal in mother’s childhood. At-tachment and Human Development, 10, 29–39. doi: 10.1080/14616730701868589

Markus, H. R. ve Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.

Mayseless, O., Bartholomew, K., Henderson, A. ve Trinke, S. (2004). “I was more her mom than she was mine”: Role reversal in a community sample. Family Relati-ons, 53, 78–86.

Mebert, C. J. ve Sahin, B. (2007). Parentification in U.S. and Turkish adolescents. Poster sunumu, Biennal meeting of Society in Research for Child Development, Boston, MA.

Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambrid-ge, MA: Harvard University Press.Öy, B. (1991). Çocuklar için depresyon ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2, 132–136.

Peris, T. S., Goeke-Morey, M. C., Cummings, E. M. ve Emery, R. E. (2008). Marital conflict and support se-eking by parents in adolescence: Empirical support for the parentification construct. Journal of Family Psy-chology, 22, 633–42. doi:10.1037/a0012792

Pomerantz, E. M., Qin, L., Wang, Q. ve Chen, H., (2009). American and Chinese early adolescents’ inclusion of their relationships with their parents in their self construals. Child Development, 80, 792–807. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01298.x

Rogoff, B. (2003). The Cultural Nature of Human Develop-ment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Sampson, E. E. (1988). The debate on individualism: Indige-nous psychologies of individual and their role in per-sonal and societal functioning. American Psychologist,43, 15–22. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.43.1.1

Selcuk, E., Günaydın, G, Sumer, N., Harma, M., Salman, S., Hazan, C., Dogruyol, B. ve Ozturk, A. (2010). Self-reported romantic attachment style predicts every-day maternal caregiving behavior at home. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 544–549. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.007

Selçuk, E., Günaydın, G., Sümer, N. ve Uysal, A. (2005). A new scale developed to measure adult attachment di-mensions: Experiences in close relationships, revised (ECR-R) psychometric evaluation in Turkish sample, Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 8 (16), 1–11.

Somech, A. (2000). The independent and the interdepen-dent selves: Different meanings in different cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24, 161–172. doi:10.1016/ S0147-1767(99)00030-9

Sunar, D. ve Fişek, G. (2005). Contemporary Turkish fami-lies. U. Gielen ve J. Roopnarine (Ed.), Families in glo-bal perspective içinde(s. 169–183). Allyn ve Bacon; Pearson.

Sümer, N. ve Engin, E. (2004, July). Role of parenting styles in predicting attachment anxiety and avoidance. Paper presented at the International Association for Relati-onship Research Conference. Madison, USA.

Şahin, N.H. ve Durak, A. (1994). Kısa Semptom Envanteri: Türk gençleri için uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9 (31), 44–56.

Todd, Z., Nerlich, B., McKeown, S. ve Clarke, D. D. (2004) Mixing methods in psychology: The integration of qua-litative and quantitative methods in theory and practi-ce. London, UK: Psychology Press.

Tompkins, T.L. (2007). Parentification and maternal HIV infection: Beneficial role or pathological burden? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 108–118.doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9072-7

Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in dif-ferent cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96,269–289.

Truong, A. (2001). Exploring parentification of children in the context of Vietnamese families. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). San Jose State University, San Jose, CA.

Wang, Q., Leichtman, M. D. ve White, S. H. (1998). Chil-dhood memory and self-description in young Chinese adults: The impact of growing up an only child. Cogni-tion, 69, 73–103. doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(98)00061-4

Woolgar, M. ve Murray, L. (2010). The representation of fathers by children of depressed mothers: refining the meaning of parentification in high-risk samples. Jour-nal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 621–629. doi:10.1111/j.14697610.2009.0213