Farklı Türdeki Özgecil Davranışların Erken Gelişimi: Paylaşma, Yardım Etme ve Bağış Yapma

Bu makalede erken çocuklukta özgeciliğe ilişkin güncel çalışmalar gözden geçirilmekte ve ardından da erken çocuklukta özgeciliği 3, 4 ve 5 yaşlarındaki çocukların yardım etme, paylaşma ve bağış yapma becerileri ve istekleri bakımından incelemeyi amaçlayan bir araştırmanın raporu sunulmaktadır. Araştırmaya 178 okul öncesi çocuk katılmıştır. Bu çocuklar yaşlarına ve cinsiyetlerine göre eşleştirilmiş; paylaşma ve yardım etme imkanlarının doğal bir akış içinde ortaya çıktığı, yaşlarına uygun bir yapılandırılmış deney ortamı içinde eşleriyle etkileşimde bulundukları sırada videoya çekilmişlerdir. Sonuçlar, en küçük yaştaki çocukların bile (3 yaş) özgecil davranış gösterdiğini, fakat özgecil davranış gösteren çocukların ve bu çocukların özgecil eylemlerinin sayısının 4 ve 5 yaşlarında daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Paylaşma hem en yaygın özgecil davranış olmuş hem de daha erken yaşlarda yardım etme ve bağış yapma davranışına göre daha sık gözlemlenmiştir. Gözlemlenen durumun farklı bilişsel ve empatik gerekliliklerinin üzerinde durularak özgecil eylemlerin farklı türlerinin farklı gelişimsel seyirlerine dair muhtemel açıklamalar tartışılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın temel katkıları şöyle sıralanabilir: (1) farklı özgecil davranış türleri için farklı gelişimsel seyirlerin gözlemlenmesi; (2) 3 ve 5 yaşları arasında akranlara yönelik kendiliğinden ortaya çıkan (spontan) özgecil eylemlerin yaşa bağlı artışın gösterilmesi; (3) küçük yaştaki çocuklarda akranlara yönelik spontan olarak ortaya çıkan özgeciliğin araştırılmasında doğal, yapılandırılmış gözlemsel görevin (task) kullanılabilirliğinin gösterilmesi.

Early Development of Different Forms of Altruism: Sharing, Helping and Donating

A review of recent studies of early childhood altruism is followed by a report of a study of development of altruism in early childhood at ages 3, 4 and 5 years in terms of children's ability and willingness to help, share, and donate. 178 preschool children were videotaped while interacting in pairs matched by age and sex in an age-appropriate, structured altruism task in which opportunities to help and share arose in the natural flow of events. Results indicate that even the youngest children (age 3) displayed some altruistic acts; both the number of children showing altruism, and their number of altruistic acts, were greater at each succeeding age level. Sharing was the most common altruistic behavior, and it was more frequent than helping and donation behaviors at earlier ages. Possible explanations for the different developmental trajectories of different altruistic acts are discussed, with emphasis on the differing cognitive and empathic demands of the situation. Main contributions of the study include demonstration of (1) different developmental trajectories for different types of altruistic acts; (2) age-related increase in spontaneous altruistic acts toward peers between 3 and 5 years of age; (2) the utility of a naturalistic, structured observational task to study spontaneous altruism towards peers in young children.

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