Hantaviral enfeksiyonlar: Türkiye gündemine yeni giren eski bir zoonoz

Hantavirüs; kemirgen kaynaklı, zarflı ve Bunyaviridae familyasına ait bir RNA virüsüdür. İlk olarak Güney Kore’de Hantaan nehiri yakınlarında izole edilmiştir. Dünya genelinde her yıl binlerce kişiyi etkileyen bir zoonozdur. Esas olarak insanlarda iki önemli hastalığa neden olur: Böbrek sendromlu kanamalı ateş (HFRS) ve hantaviral pulmoner sendrom (HPS). Hastalığın tipi ve şiddeti, etken olan virüs tipi ile yakından ilişkilidir. Avrupa ve Asya’da HFRS, Amerika kıtasında HPS görülmektedir. Türkiye’nin birkaç komşusu dâhil yıllardır Avrupa genelinde hantaviral hastalıklar bildirilmesine rağmen 2009 yılına kadar Türkiye’den bildirilen herhangi bir insan olgusu yoktur. Hantaviral hastalıkların tanısı klinik, epidemiyolojik bulgular ve serolojik testler ile konur. Hantaviral enfeksiyonların yüksek mortalite hızına sahip olması ve hâlihazırda etkili antiviral ilaçların bulunmaması nedeniyle hastalıktan korunmada kemirgenlerle temastan kaçınmak ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. Güney Kore ve Çin’de kullanılmakta olan aşıları mevcut ise de Dünya Sağlık Örgütünce henüz kabul edilmiş ve yaygın kullanılabilen bir aşısı yoktur. Bu makale; ülkemizde ileriki zamanlarda daha çok bildirileceği ön görülen hantaviral enfeksiyonlara dikkat çekmek, korunma ve kontrol önlemlerinin altını çizerek bu konudaki farkındalığı artırmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.

[Hantaviral infections: an ancient zoonosis as newly recognized in Turkey]

Hantavirus is rodent-borne, enveloped RNA virus and belonging to Bunyaviridae. It had been isolated from near Hantaan River in South Korea. Hantavirus is a zoonosis that affects thousands of individuals each year throughout the world. It is associated with two main clinical disorders in man: Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus Pulmoner Syndrome (HPS). HFRS is occur in Asia and Europe, HPS is occur in the American continent. The type and severity of diseases are closely related with virus type. Although hantavirus infection in human have been reported in a wide geopraphical are including some of the neighbours of Turkey in Europe for years any hantavirus-related infection in human has not been reported from Turkey until 2009. The diagnosis of hantavirus-related infections is based upon clinical and epidemiological information and serological tests. It is particularly important to avoid to contact with rodents because of hantavirus-related infections result in high mortality rate and in view of the present situation of missing effective antiviral drugs. Even if there are available some vaccines that used in China and South Korea any of them approved by World Health Organization. This manuscript is prepared to notice the Hantavirus-related infection which is expected to increase in the near future in Turkey and review the control and prevention measures.

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