YETİŞKİN CİNSEL SUÇLULARIN SAĞALTIMINDA GÜNCEL YAKLAŞIMLAR

Bu çalışmanın amacı, cinsel suç işleyen yetişkin bireylerin sağaltımında kullanılan güncel yaklaşımları ele almaktır. Son yıllarda, Türkiye’de cinsel suç oranının arttığı gerçeği göz önüne alındığında, yetişkin cinsel suçlularla çalışan meslek elemanlarının, güncel sağaltım program ve yaklaşımları hakkında bilgi sahibi olmaları oldukça önemlidir. Cinsel suç/cinsel suçlu kavramlarının, içerik olarak oldukça geniş bir ölçekte değerlendirilmesi; bu alanla ilgili literatürün, farklı araştırmalarla zenginleşmesini beraberinde getirirken aynı zamanda sağaltımın başarı şansını doğrudan etkileyen ampirik kanıtların da sürekli yenilenmesine neden olmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu kanıtlara, son dönemdeki gelişmeler odağında yaklaşılmasının; iyi bir sağaltım planı yapılması adına gerekli olan ilk koşul olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda makalede, cinsel suçlular hakkında yapılan profil çalışmalarına, yeniden suç işleme riskine, sağaltım yaklaşımlarına ve terapötik sürecin doğasına dair güncel değerlendirmelere yer verilmiştir. 

Current Approaches On The Treatment Of Adult Sexual Offenders

The aim of this study is to review the current approaches used in the treatment of adult sexual offenders. Taking into consideration the fact of increasing rate of sexual crime in Turkey in recent years, it is crucial for professionals who are working with adult sex offenders, to be informed about the current treatment programs and approaches. Evaluating the concepts of sexual crime and sexual offenders on a wide scale both contributes to enrichment of the literature through various studies conducted, leads to the renewal the empirical evidences which directly affect the success rate of the treatment. Therefore, the current article includes profile studies of sexual offenders, recidivism risks, the treatment approaches and the nature of the therapeutic process. 

___

  • Abracen, J., Looman, J. (2004). Issues in the treatment of sexual offenders: Recent developments and directions for future research. Agression and Violent Behavior, 9(3), 229-246. Ackerman, A.R, Sacks, M., Furman, R. (2014). The New Penology Revisited: The Criminalization of Immigration as a Pacification Strategy. Justice Policy Journal, 11(1), 1-20
  • Akbaş, G. (2012). Parafili: Cinsel Sapkınlık. PiVOLKA, 22(7), 2-4
  • Baugher, A.R., Gazmararian, J.A. (2015). Masculine gender role strees and violence: A Literature rewiev and future directions. Agression and Violent Behaviour, 24, 107-112.
  • Beech, A, R., Bartels, R,M., Dixon, L. (2013). Assessment and Treatment of Distorted Schemas in Sexual Offenders. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 14(1), 54-66.
  • Beech, A. R., Harkins, L. (2012). DSM-IV paraphilia: Descriptions, demographics and treatment interventions. Agression and Violent Behavior, 17(6),527-539.
  • Beech, A., R., Ward, T. (2004). The integration of etiology and risk in sexual offenders: A theoretical framework. Agression and Violent Behavior, 10(1), 31-63.
  • Beggs, S. (2010). Within-treatment outcome among sexual offenders: A review. Agression and Violent Behavior, 15(5), 369-379.
  • Boer, D., P. (2013). Some Essential Enviromental Ingredients for Sex Offender Reintegration. International Journal Of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 8(3-4),8-11.
  • Cantürk, N., Koç, S. (2010). Adli Tıp Kurumunda değerlendirilen cinsel suç sanıklarının sosyo-demografik özellikleri ve psikiyatrik profilleri. AÜ Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 63(2), 49-53
  • Chakhssi, F., Kersten, T., Ruiter, C., Bernstein, D.P. (2014). Treating the Untreatable: A Single Case Study of Pyschopatic Inpatient Treated With Schema Therapy. Pscyhtherapy, 51(3). 447-461.
  • Ciardha, C. O. (2011). A theoretical framework for understanding deviant sexual interest and cognitive distortions as overlapping constructs contributing to sexual offending against children. Agression and Violent Behaviour, 16, 493-502,
  • Cohen, L. J., Gans, S. W., McGeoch, P. G., Poznansky, O., Itskovich, Y., Murphy, S., Klein, E., Cullen, K., Galynker, I.I. (2002). Impulsive personality traits in male pedophiles versus healthy controls: Is pedophilia an impulsive-aggressive disorder? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43(2),127–134 Cortoni, F., Marshall, W.,L. (2001). Sex As a Coping Strategy and Its Relationship to Juvenile Sexual History and Intimacy In Sexual Offenders. Sexual Abuse, 13(1),27-43
  • Cowburn M. (2005). Hegemony and discoure: Reconstructing the male sex offender and sexual coercion by men. Sexualities, Evolution and Gender, 7(3),215-231.
  • Craig, L. A., Beech, A.R. (2010). Towards a guide to best practice in conducting actuarial risk assessments with sex offenders. Agression and Violent Behaviour, 15(4),278-293.
  • D’Orazio, D. M. (2013). Lessons learned from history and experience: Five simple ways to improve the efficacy of sexual offender treatment. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 8(3-4), 2-7
  • Drake, C. R.,Ward, T., Nathan, P., & Lee, J.P. (2001). Challenging the cognitive distortions of child molesters: An implicit theory approach. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 7, 25-40.
  • Farmer, M., McAlinden, A.,Maruna S. (2015). Understanding desistance from sexual offending: A thematic review of research findings. Probation Journal, 62(4), 310-335.
  • Ford, H., J., Rose, J., Thrift, S. (2009). An evaluation of the applicability of the self-regulation model to sexual offenders withintellectual disabilities. The Journal of Forensix Psychiatry & Psychology, 20(3), 440-457.
  • Frost, A.,Ware, J.,Boer, D.P. (2009). An integrated groupwork methodology for working with sex offenders. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 15(1), 21-38.
  • Gannon, T. A., Collie, R. M., Ward, T., Thakker, J. (2008). Rape: Psychopathology, theory and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(6): 982-1008.
  • Gölge, Z. B., Yavuz, M.F. (2007). Cinsel saldırı olgularının suç motivasyonuna göre sınıflandırılması. Adli Tıp Dergisi, 21(2),11-19
  • Grady, M.D., Swett, L., Shields, J.J. (2016). The impact of a sex offender treatment programme on the attachment styles of incarcerated male sexual offenders. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 22(1), 123-136.
  • Graham, N., Kimonis, E.R., Wasserman, A.L., Kline, S.M. (2012). Associations among childhood abuse and psychopathy facets in male sexual offenders. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research and Treatment, 3(1), 66-75.
  • Güler, M. (2010). Sosyal Psikoloji Bakış Açısından Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Suçlu Davranış Gelişimi. TBB Dergisi, 89, 355-372.
  • Harkins, L., Beech, A. R. (2007). A review of the factors that can influence the effectiveness of sexual offender treatment: Risk, need, responsivity, and process issues. Agression And Violent Behavior, 12(6), 615-627.
  • Harris, D. A. (2012). Age and type of onset of offending: Results from a sample of male sexual offenders referred for civil commitment. International Journal of Offender Theraphy and Comparative Criminology, 57(10),1226-1247.
  • Harris, A. J. R., Hanson, R.K. (2010). Clinical, actuarial and dynamic risk assessment of sexual offenders: Why do things keep changing?. Journal of Sexual Agression, 16(3), 296-310.
  • Jennings, W., Khey, D., Mahoney, M.,Reingle, J. (2011). Evaluating the continuity of offending from adolescence to emerging adulthood and its effect on academic failure among college student arrestees: A research note. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 22, 578-592.
  • Jespersen, A.F., Lalumière, M. L.,Seto, M.C. (2009). Sexual abuse history among adult sex offenders and non-sex offenders: A meta-analysis. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33, 179–192.
  • Kingston, D. A., Seto, M.C., Firestione, P., Bradford. (2010). Comparing indicators of sexual sadism as predictors of recidivism among adult male sexual offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(4), 574-584.
  • Kingston, D., A., Yates, P.M. (2012). The Self-Regulation Model of Sexual Offending: Relationship to Risk and Need. Law and Human Behavior, 36(3), 215-224.
  • Kirsch, L. G., Becker, J. V. (2006). Sexual offending: Theory of problem, theory of change, and implications for treatment effectiveness. Agression and Violent Behavior, 11(3), 208-224.
  • Klein, V., Schmidt, A. F.,Turner, D.,Briken, P. (2015). Are sex drive and hypersexuality associated with pedophilic interest and child sexual abuse in a male community sample? PLoS ONE, 10(7). 1-11.
  • Larochelle, S., Diguer, L., Laverdiere, O., Greenman, P.S. (2011). Predictors of psychological treatment noncompletion among sexual offenders. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(4),554-562.
  • Leach, C., Stewart, A., Smallbone, S. (2016). Testing the sexually abused-sexual abuser hypothesis: A prospective longitudinal birth cohort study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 144-153.
  • Looman, J., Abracen, J. (2013). The Risk Need Responsivity model of Offender Rehabilitation: Is There Really a Need For a Paradigm Shift?. International Journal Of Behavioral Conssultation And Therapy, 8(3-4). 30-36
  • Lussier, P., Cale, J. (2013). Beyond sexual recidivism: A review of the sexual criminal career parameters of adult sex offenders. Agression and Violent Behaviour, 18, 445-457.
  • Lussier, P., Gress, C.Z. (2014). Community re-entry and the path toward desistance: A quasi-experimental longitudinal study of dynamic factors and community risk management of adult sex offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42, 111-122.
  • Mann, R. E., Webster, S.D., Wakeling, H. C., Keylock, H. (2013). Why do sexual offenders refuse treatment? Journal of Sexual Agression, 19(2), 191-206.
  • McPhail, I. V., Hermann, C.A., Nunes, K.L. (2013). Emotional congruence with children and sexual offending against children: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(4), 737-749.
  • Miller, L. (2013). Sexual offenses against children: Patterns and motives. Agression and Violent Behaviour, 18, 506-519,
  • Niveau, G. (2010). Cyber-pedocriminality: Charecteristics of a sample of internet child pornography offenders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(8), 570-575.
  • O’Brien, J. E., Burton, D. L., Li, W. (2016). Body disapproval among adolescent male sexual offenders: Prevalence and links to treatment. Child and Adolescent Social Works, 33(1), 39-46.
  • O’Brien, J.E., Li, W., Burton, D.L. (2015). Eating disordered behaviors and body disapproval in adolescent males adjudicated for sexual and nonsexual crimes. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 24(4), 922-942.
  • Ogloff, J., Cutatar, M.C., Mann, E., Mullen, P., Wei, F.Y., Hassan, H. A., Yih, T. (2012). Child Sexual Abuse and Subsequent Offending And Victimization: A 45 year follow-up study. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 440, 1-6.
  • Olver, M. E., Wong, S.C.P. (2013).Treatment programs for high risk sexual offenders: Program and offender characteristics, attrition, treatment change and recidivism. Agression and Violent Behavior, 18(5), 579-591.
  • O’Toole M., Jeglic, E.L. (2014).The relationship between childhood family Environment and adult sexual offending in a sample of sexual offenders. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 19(4), 173-182
  • Porter, S., Newman, E., Tansey, L., Quayle, E. (2015). Sex offending and social anxiety: A systematic review. Agression and Violence Behaviour, 24, 42-60.
  • Reich, W.A., Amit, U., Siegel, H.I. (2009). Perception of self and others in male sex offenders against children: Schema content and its relation to criminal sexual behaviour, Journal of Sexual Agression, 15(3), 305-317.
  • Schaffer, M., Jeglic, E. L., Moster, A., Wnuk,D. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment and management of sexual offenders. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 24(2), 92-103
  • Seto, M.C. (2009). Pedophilia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 391–407.
  • Seto, M.C., & Lalumière, M. L. (2010). What is so special about male adolescent sexual offending? A review and test of explanations through meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 526–575.
  • Sigre-Leiros, V., Carvalho, J., Nobre, P.J. (2015a). Adult interpersonal features of subtypes of sexual offenders. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 34, 5-10.
  • Sigre-Leiros, V., Carvalho, J., Nobre P. (2015b). Cognitive schemas and sexual offending: Differencesbetween rapists, pedophilic and nonpedophilic childmolesters, and nonsexual offenders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 40, 81-92.
  • Simon, J. (1998). Managing the monstrous: Sex offenders and the new penology. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 4(1-2), 452-467.
  • Tewksburry, R. (2012). Stigatization of Sex Offenders, Deviant Behaior, 33(8), 606-623.
  • Thornton, D. (2013). Implications of our developing understanding of risks and protective factors in the treatment of adult male sexual offenders. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 8(3-4), 62-65.
  • Tsopelas, C., Spyridoula, T., Athanasios, D. (2011). Review on female sexual offenders: Findings about profile and personality. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 34(2).122-126.
  • Tully, R. J., Chou, S., Browne, K.D. (2013). A Systematic review on the effectiveness of sex offender risk assesment tools in predicting sexual recidivism of adult male sex offenders. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(2), 287-316.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Adalet Bakanlığı. (2015). Adli Sicil ve İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü, Adalet İstatistikleri. http://www.adlisicil.adalet.gov.tr/istatistik_2014/ist_tab.htm Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2018
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2013). Ceza İnfaz Kurumu İstatistikleri 2013
  • Underhill, J. Wakeling, H.C., Mann, R.E., Webster, S.D. (2008). Male sexual offenders’ emotıonal openness with men and women. Criminal Justice And Behavior, 35(9), 1156-1173.
  • Wakeling, H, C., Barnett, G.D. (2014). The relationship between psychometric test scores and reconviction in sexual offenders undertaking treatment. Agression And Violence Behavior, 19(2), 138-145.
  • Ward, T. (2002). Good lives and the rehabilitation of offenders: Promises and problems. Agression and Violent Behavior,7 (5).513-528.
  • Ward, T., Beech, A. (2006). An integrated theory of sexual offending. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11(1),44-63.
  • Ward, T., Durrant, R. (2013). Altruism, Empathy, and Sex Offender Treatment. International Journal Of Behavioral Consultation And Therapy, 8(3-4),66-71.
  • Ward, T., Gannon, T.A. (2006). Rehabilitation, etiology, and self-regulation: The comprehensive good lives model of treatment for sexual offenders. Agression and Violent Behavior, 11(1),77-94.
  • Ward, T., Keenan, T. (1999). Child molesters' implicit theories. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14,821–838.
  • Ward, T., Melser, J., Yates, P.M. (2007). Reconstructing the Risk–Need–Responsivity model: A theoretical elaboration and evaluation. Agression and Violent Behavior, 12(2), 208-228.
  • Widom, C.S. (1989). The cycle of violence. Science, 14,161-166.
  • Williams, K.S., Bierie, D.M. (2015). An incient-based comprasion of female and male sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A journal of Research and Treatment, 27(3), 235-257.
  • Wilson, R., J., Yates, P.M. (2009). Effective interventions and the Good Lives Model: Maximizing treatment gains for sexual offenders. Agression and Violent Behavior, 14(3), 157-161.
  • Yates, P.M. (2013). Treatment of Sexual Offenders: Research, Best Practices, and Emerging Models. International Journal Of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 8(3-4), 89-95.
  • Zakireh, B., Ronis, S.T., Knight, R.A. (2008). Individual beliefs, attitudes, and victimization histories of male juvenile sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 20(3). 323-351.
  • Zgoba, K., Jennings, W.G., Maschi, T. Reingle, J.M. (2012). An exploration into the intersections of early and late sexual victimization and mental and physical health among an incarcerated sample of older male offenders. Best Practices in Mental Health, 8(2).82-98.