Ali ÖZTÜRK, Nesrin YILDIZ, Sancar BULUT, Mehmet Murat KARAOĞLU

Effects of organic manures and non-chemical weed control on wheat: I-Plant growth and grain yield

Organik buğdayın verimi iklim, uygun olmayan çeşit seçimi, besin eksikliği ve yabancı ot rekabeti tarafından sınırlanır. Organik gübreler ve kimyasal olmayan yabancı ot kontrolünün buğdayın tane verimine etkisi 2006-07, 2007-08 ve 2008-09 ürün yıllarında Erzurum sulamasız koşullarında incelenmiştir. Tesadüf bloklarında faktöriyel deneme deseninde yürütülen araştırmada iki ekmeklik buğday çeşidi (Doğu 88 ve Kırik), üç yabancı ot kontrol yöntemi (yabancı otlu kontrol, elle yolma ve sık ekim) ve yedi gübre kaynağı (gübresiz, mineral NP, Bio, Bio SR, Leonardit, Organik Gübre ve sığır gübresi) yer almıştır. Bir ıslah çeşidi olan Doğu 88 yerel Kırik çeşidine göre daha yüksek yaprak alanı indeksi, tane dolum süresi, m2de başak sayısı, başakta tane sayısı, tane verimi ve hasat indeksine sahip olmuştur. Yılların ortalaması olarak, yabancı ot mücadelesinin yapılmadığı koşullar ile karşılaştırıldığında, tane verimini elle yolma %9.2, sık ekim ise %7.7 oranında artırmıştır. En yüksek tane verimi mineral NP uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Organik gübrelerden en yüksek tane verimini sığır gübresi sağlamış, bunu Organik Gübre izlemiştir. Gübresiz koşullara göre tane verimini sığır gübresi %25.6, Organik Gübre ise %23.2 oranında artırmış olup, verim artışları başlıca m2deki başak sayısı artışları ile ilgili olmuştur. Benzer ekolojik koşullarda Doğu 88 çeşidinin Kırik çeşidine tercih edilmesi gerektiği, sık ekimin buğdaya yabancı otlara karşı rekabette avantaj sağladığı, toprak verimliliği ve buğdayın tane verimini artırmak için kuru şartlarda sığır gübresinin kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Organik gübreler ve kimyasal olmayan yabancı ot kontrolünün buğday üzerine etkileri: I-Bitki gelişmesi ve tane verimi

Organic wheat yield is limited by climatic and agronomic factors including nutrient deficiency, weed competition and no suitable cultivars. The effects of organic manures and non-chemical weed control on grain yield of wheat were investigated during the 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09 growing seasons, in Erzurum (Turkey) rain-fed conditions. The experiment contained three experimental factors in a factorial design: (1) cultivar (Doğu 88, Kırik), (2) weed control (weedy control, hand weeding, dense sowing) and (3) manure (unfertilized, mineral NP, Bio, Bio SR, Leonardit, Organic Manure, cattle manure). The modern cultivar Doğu 88 had significantly higher leaf area index, grain filling period, spikes per m2, kernels per spike, grain yield and harvest index than the local cultivar Kırik. On average of years, hand weeding and dense sowing increased grain yield by 9.2% and 7.7% compared to weedy control, respectively. Application of mineral NP resulted in the highest grain yield. Among the organic manures, the highest grain yield was obtained at cattle manure and Organic Manure, respectively. Cattle manure and Organic Manure increased grain yield of wheat by 25.6% and 23.2%, respectively, compared to unfertilized treatment. Improved performance in response to treatments was generally related to spikes per m2. Doğu 88 should be preferred to local cultivar Kırik. Dense sowing appears to be a useful method to provide the wheat a competitive advantage against weeds. As a result, cattle manure can be used for improvement of grain yield of wheat and soil fertility under rain-fed conditions.

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