Ölüm sonrası hayat: Sumerce metinlerde öteki dünya

Eski Mezopotamyalılar, öldükten sonra her insanın yer altında olduğunu düşündükleri ölüler diyarına gideceğine inanmaktaydı. Bir kimse öldüğü zaman bir takım cenaze ritüellerinin yerine getirilmesiyle öteki dünyaya gidebilirdi. Bu çalışma Nergal, Ereškigal, Ningišzida ve Dumuzi gibi birçok tanrının hüküm sürdüğü ölüler diyarının Sumerce metinlerde ne şekilde betimlendiğini ve bu metinlere göre insan ruhunun orada ne durumda olduğunu ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Konumuzla ilgili bilgilere çoğu Eski Babil Dönemi’ne tarihlenen Sumerce edebi ve mitolojik metinlerden ulaşmaktayız. Bu kaynaklardan elde edilen bilgilerle Eski Mezopotamyalıların öteki dünya hakkındaki inançlarını ortaya koymaya çalışacağız

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Sumerce Metinler, Ölüm, Defin, Ölüler Diyarı

LIFE AFTER DEATH: THE OTHER WORLD IN SUMERIAN TEXTS

The Ancient Mesopotamians believed that after death, every human would go to the nether world which was thought to be underground. When a person died, he could go to the other world after some certain funeral rites. This paper aims to reveal how the nether world where many gods such as Nergal, Ereškigal, Ningišzida, Dumuzi ruled is depicted and to represent the conditions of the human spirits. Information about the subject is reached from Sumerian literal and mythological texts most of which dates to Old Babylonian Period. We will try to describe the other world beliefs of Mesopotamians via informations from these sources

Keywords:

Sumerian Texts, Death, Burial, Nether World,

PDF

___

Black, J. A., Green, A., Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary (2. ed., reprinted), London 2003.
CAD: The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago 1956vd.
Cavigneaux, A., “Deux hymnes sumériens à Utu”, Et il y eut un esprit dans l'Homme, Jean Bottéro et la Mésopotamie, Paris: De Boccard 2009 , s. 3-18.
Cohen, A. C., Death rituals, ideology, and the development of early Mesopotamian kingship: Toward a new understanding of Iraq's royal cemetery of Ur, Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers 2005.
Cooper, J. S., “Wind And Smoke: Giving Up The Ghost Of Enkidu, Comprehending Enkidu’s Ghosts”, Rethinking Ghosts in World Religions, Leiden, Boston: Brill Academic Publishers 2009, s. 23-32.
Crawford, H., Sümer ve Sümerler, Çev. N. Uzan, Ankara: Arkadaş Yayınevi 2010.
Dalley, S., Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh and Others, New York: Oxford University Press 2000. ePSD: S. Tinney et al., The Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary(http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/index.html), 2006.
ETCSL: J. A. Black, G. Cunningham, J. Ebeling, E. Flückiger-Hawker, E. Robson, J. Taylor and G. Zólyomi, The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/), Oxford 1998–2006.
Frankfort, H., Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C. from Tell Asmar and Khafajah, Oriental Institute Publication 44, 1939.
Geller, M. J., “Freud, Magic and Mesopotamia: How the Magic Works”, Folklore 108, 1997, s. 1-7.
Geller, M. J., Forerunners to Udug-Hul, Sumerian Exorcistic Incantations, Freiburger Altorientalische Studien 12, Stuttgart 1985.
George, A. R., The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 2 vols., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
George, A. R., “Observations on a Passage of ‘Inanna's Descent’”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 37/11, 1985, s. 109-113.
George, A. R., Epic of Gilgameš, New Translation, London: Penguin Classics 1999.
Heimpel, W., “The Sun at Night and the Doors of Heaven in Babylonian Texts”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 38/2, 1986, s. 127-151.
Jacobsen, T., “Death in Mesopotamia (Abstract)”, Death in Mesopotamia, XXVIe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag 1980, s. 19-24.
Jacobsen, T., The Harps that Once...: Sumerian Poetry in Translation, New Haven: Yale University Press 1987.
Jagersma, B., “The Calendar of the Funerary Cult in Ancient Lagash”, BiOr 64/3-4, 2007, 289-307.
Kahya, Ö., “Sumerce Kaynaklara Göre Ölüler Diyarı’nın Yeri”, ArAn 9/2, 2015, 25- 46.
Kahya, Ö., Sumerce Metinlere Göre Eski Mezopotamya’da Öteki Dünya Anlayışı, Yüksel Lisans Tezi (basılmamış), Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstirüsü, Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Anabilim Dalı 2013.
Katz, D., “Sumerian Funerary Rituals in Context”, Performing Death, Chicago: Oriental Institute 2007, s. 167-188.
Katz, D., “The Naked Soul: Deliberations on a Popular Theme”, Gazing on the deep, Bethesda: CDL Press 2010, s. 107-120.
Katz, D., The Image of the Netherworld in the Sumerian Sources, Bethesda: CDL Press 2003.
Kramer, S. N., “ ‘Inanna's Descent to the Nether World Continued and Revised’ Second Part, Revised Edition of Inanna's Descent to the Nether World”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 5, 1951, s. 1-17.
Kramer, S. N., “Death and Nether World According to the Sumerian Literary Texts”, Iraq 22, 1960, s. 59-68.
Kramer, S. N., “The Death of Dumuzi: A New Sumerian Version”, Anatolian Studies 30, 1980, s. 5-13.
Kramer, S. N., “The Death of Ur-Nammu and His Descent to the Netherworld”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 21, 1967, s. 104-122.
Kramer, S. N., From The Poetry of Sumer: Creation, Glorification, Adoration, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press 1979.
Leick, G., Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia, Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth: The Scarecrow Press 2010.
McIntosh, J. R., Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO 2005.
Potts, D. T., Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations, New York: Cornell University Press 1997.
Veenhof, K. R., “The Death and Burial of Ishtar-lamassī in Karum Kanish”, Studies in the Ancient Near Eastern World View and Society, Bethesda: CDL Press 2008, s. 97-119.
Veenhof, K. R., Kültepe Tabletleri VIII: The Archive of Elamma, son of Iddin-Suen, and his Family (Kt. 91/k 285-568 and 92/k 94-187), TTKY, Ankara 2017.
Veldhuis, N., “The Solution of the Dream: A New Interpretation of Bilgameš’ Death”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 53, 2001, s. 133-148.
Wiggermann, F. A. M., “Nergal A. Philologisch”, Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 9, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1998-2001d, s. 215-223.
Zólyomi, G., “A Manuscript of ‘Ninĝišzida's Journey to the Nether World’ from Kiš, Ingharra”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 93, 2003, s. 70-81.
Zólyomi, G., “Hymns to Ninisina and Nergal on the Tablets Ash 1911.235 and Ni 9672”, Your Praise is Sweet: A Memorial Volume for Jeremy Black from Students, Colleaguses and Friends, London: British Institute for the Study of Iraq, 2010, s. 413-428.