ULUSLARARASI İNSAN HAKLARI NORMLARININ OLUŞUMUNDA HÜKÜMET DIŞI KURULUŞLARIN ROLÜ

Bu çalışma, uluslararası hükümet dışı kuruluşların insan hakları korumadaki rolünü, uluslararası insan hakları normlarının oluşumundaki etkinlikleri üzerinden ele almaktadır. Uluslararası, bölgesel ve ulusal koruma mekanizmaları vasıtasıyla insan haklarının korunması, günümüzde uluslar-üstü bir hüviyet kazanmıştır. Uluslararası örgütler, uzmanlık kuruluşları, bölgesel örgütler, devletler ve uluslararası HDK’lar insan hakları koruma mekanizmalarının en önemli aktörleridir. İnsan haklarının korunması günümüzde anayasa hukukunun içerisinde değerlendirilmektedir. HDK’ların insan haklarının korunmasındaki rolleri genellikle önemli ancak gayri resmi olarak kabul edilir. Uluslararası HDK’ların insan hakları koruma mekanizmalarındaki rolü anayasa hukuku bağlamında özgün ve ilgi çekici bir konudur. Zira insan haklarının korunmasında devleti merkeze alan anayasa hukukunun normatif yaklaşımı içerisinde insan haklarının korunmasında HDK’ların etkinliğinin araştırılması anayasa hukuku sahasına yeni çalışma alanları kazandırabilme potansiyeli taşımaktadır.

___

  • ABDÜLHAKİMOĞULLARI, Erdal - KEDİKLİ, Umut, “Bir Hükümet Dışı Kuruluş Modeli Olarak Uluslararası Af Örgütü ve İnsan Haklarının Gelişimine Katkısı”, Uluslararsı İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, C. 3, S. 2, 2006, ss. 2-31.
  • ANDERSON, Kenneth, “The Ottawa Convention Banning Landmines, the Role of International Non-Governmental Organizations and the Idea of International Civil Society”, European Journal of International Law, C. 11, S. 1, 2000, ss. 91-120.
  • BAŞLAR, Kemal, Uluslararası Hukukta Hükümet Dışı Kuruluşlar: Vestfalya-Sonrası Süreçte Küresel Sivil Toplum, Ankara, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, 2005. “Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması”, (15.08.1945), https://turkey.un.org/tr/33499-birlesmis-miletler-antlasmasi, (03.04.2022).
  • van BOVEN, Theo, “The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in International Human Rights Standard-Setting: A Prerequisite of Democracy”, California Western International Law Journal, C. 20, S. 2, 1990, ss. 207-225.
  • BREEN, Claire, “The Role of NGOs in the Formulation of and Compliance with the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict”, Human Rights Quarterly, C. 25, S. 2, 2003, ss. 453-481.
  • CASSESE, Antonio, “A New Approach to Human Rights: The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture”, American Journal of International Law, C. 83, S. 1, 1989, ss. 128-153.
  • CAVALLARO, James - BREWER, Stephanie, “The Virtue of Following: The Role of Inter-American Litigation in Campaigns for Social Justice”, SUR International Journal on Human Rights, C. 8, 2008, ss. 85-92.
  • CHARNEY, Jonathan I., “Universal International Law”, The American Journal of International Law, C. 87, S. 4, 1993, ss. 529-551.
  • CHARNOVITZ, Steve, “Nongovernmental Organizations and International Law”, The American Journal of International Law, C. 100, S. 2, 2006, ss. 348-372.
  • CHILTON, Particia, “Mechanics of Change: Social Movements, Transnational Coalitions, and the Transformation Processes in Eastern Europe”, Bringing Transnational Relations Back in: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures, and International Institutions, Ed.: Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ss. 189-226.
  • CHODOSH, Hiram E., “Neither Treaty nor Custom: The Emergence of Declarative International Law”, Texas International Law Journal, C. 26, 1991, ss. 87-106.
  • CLARK, Ann Marie, “Non-Governmental Organizations and their Influence on International Society”, Journal of International Affairs, C. 48, S. 2, 1995, ss. 507-525.
  • COHEN, Cynthia Price, “The Role of the United States in the Drafting of the Convention on the Rights of the Child”, Emory International Law Review, C. 20, 2006, ss. 185-198.
  • Committee of Ministers, “Declaration on the Code of Good Practice for Civil Participation in the Decision-Making Process”, (21.10.2009), https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016805d0482, (26.10.2022).
  • ÇAKMAK, Cenap, “The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in The Norm Creation Process in The Field of Human Rights”, Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, C. 3, S. 1, 2005, ss. 100-122.
  • EDWARDS, George, “Assessing the Effectiveness of Human Rights Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) From the Birth of the United Nations to the 21st Century: Ten Attributes of Highly Successful Human Rights NGOs”, Michigan State International Law Review, C. 18, S. 2, 2010, ss. 166-227.
  • ERDEM TÜRKELLI, Gamze - VANDENHOLE, Wouter, “The Convention on the Rights of the Child: Repertoires of NGO Participation”, Human Rights Law Review, C. 12, S. 1, 2012, ss. 33-64.
  • FALK, Richard: “The World Order between Interstate Law and the Law of Humanity: The Role of Civil Society Institutions”, International Legal Theory, C. 1, 1995, ss. 14-31.
  • FINGER Matthias - PRINCEN, Thomas, (ed.): Environmental NGOs in World Politics: Linking the Local and the Global, London, Routledge, 1994.
  • FREEDMAN, Rosa, “The Human Rights Council”, The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal, Ed.: Frédéric Mégret, Philip Alston, 2. bs., Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020, ss. 181-237.
  • GAER, Felice D., “Implementing International Human Rights Norms: UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies and NGOs”, Journal of Human Rights, C. 2, S. 3, 2003, s. 339-357.
  • GARGARELLA, Roberto, Latin American Constitutionalism,1810-2010: The Engine Room of the Constitution, New York, Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • GIORGI, Maiara, “The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Process of International Treaty Making”, Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional, C. 19, 2019, s. 153-177.
  • GOEL, Vaibhav - TRIPATHI, Manoj Kr., “The Role of NGOs in the Enforcement of Human Rights: An Overview”, The Indian Journal of Political Science, C. 71, S. 3, 2010, ss. 769-793.
  • GONZÁLEZ, Felipe, “The Experience of the Inter-American Human Rights System”, Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, C. 40, S. 1, 2009, ss. 103-126.
  • GUTTO, Shadrack, “ICJ Workshops on NGO Participation in the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1991 to 1996: Critical Evaluation”, Geneva, International Commission of Jurists, (01.10.1996).
  • HARTWICK, Jeffrey Andrew, “Non-Governmental Organizations at United Nations-Sponsored World Conferences: A Framework for Participation Reform”, Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, C. 26, S. 2, 2003, ss. 217-280.
  • HENKIN, Louis, “Human Rights and State Sovereignty”, Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law, C. 25, S. 1, 1996, ss. 31-45.
  • HENKIN, Louis, The Rights of Man Today, London, Stevens, 1979.
  • HOBE, Stephan, “Global Challenges to Statehood: The Increasingly Important Role of Nongovernmental Organizations”, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, C. 5, S. 1, 1997, ss. 191-209.
  • JR, Claude E. Welch, Protecting Human Rights in Africa: Roles and Strategies of Nongovernmental Organizations, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.
  • JR, Howard B. Tolley, The International Commission of Jurists: Global Advocates for Human Rights, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994.
  • KACZOROWSKA, Alina, Public International Law, 5. bs., London, Routledge, 2015.
  • KECK, Margaret E. - SIKKINK, Kathryn, “Transnational Advocacy Networks in International and Regional Politics”, International Social Science Journal, C. 51, S. 159, 1999, ss. 89-101.
  • KOREY, William, NGO’s and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A Curious Grapevine, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
  • LEARY, Virginia, “The ILO: A Model for Non-State Participation?”, The Legitimacy of the United Nations: Towards an Enhanced Legal Status of Non State Actors, Ed.: Th C. van Boven, C. Flinterman, Fred Gruenfeld, Utrecht, Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, 1997, ss. 61-72.
  • LEMPINEN, Miko, Consultative Relationship between the United Nations and Non-Governmental Organizations, Turku, Institute for Human Rights, 1999.
  • LINDBLOM, Anna-Karin, Non-Governmental Organisations in International Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • LORD, Janet E., “NGO Participation in Human Rights Law and Process: Latest Developments in the Effort to Develop an International Treaty on the Rights of People with Disabilities”,
  • ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law, C. 10, S. 2, 2003, ss. 311-318.
  • MARTENS, Kerstin, “Examining the (Non-)Status of NGOs in International Law”, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, C. 10, S. 2, 2003, ss. 1-24.
  • MARTENS, Kerstin, “Mission Impossible? Defining Nongovernmental Organizations”, Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, C. 13, S. 3, 2002, ss. 271-285.
  • NOLTE, Georg - LAGODINSKY, Sergey, “The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the International Labor Organization”, The Welfare State, Globalization, and International Law, Ed.: Eyal Benvenisti, Georg Nolte, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, 2004, ss. 321-341.
  • NOWROT, Karsten, “Legal Consequences of Globalization: The Status of Non-Governmental Organizations under International Law”, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, C. 6, S. 2, 1999, ss. 579-645.
  • OAS Permenant Council, “CP/RES 759 (1217/99) Guidelines for the Participation of Civil Society Organizations in Oas Activities”, 15.12.1999, https://www.oas.org/legal/english/CoopRelations/CoopRelations3.htm, (21.09.2022).
  • OLZ, Martin A., “Non-Governmental Organizations in Regional Human Rights Systems”, Columbia Human Rights Law Review, C. 28, S. 2, 1996, ss. 307-374.
  • PERSBO, Andreas, “The Role of Non-governmental Organizations in the Verification of International Agreements”, Disarmament Forum: Arms Control Verification, Ed.: Vignard Kerstin, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2010, ss. 65-74.
  • PRONTO, Arnold N., “Some Thoughts on the Making of International Law”, European Journal of International Law, C. 19, S. 3, 2008, ss. 601-616.
  • RISSE-KAPPEN, Thomas: “Introduction”, Bringing Transnational Relations Back in: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures, and International Institutions, Ed.: Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ss. 3-36.
  • RODLEY, Nigel, “Monitoring Human Rights by the UN System and Non-Governmental Organizations”, Human Rights and American Foreign Policy, Ed.: Donald E. Kommers, Gilburt D. Loescher, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1979, ss. 157-178.
  • RYFMAN, Philippe, Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları, çev. İsmail Yerguz, İstanbul, İletişim, 2006.
  • SCHECHTER, Michael, “United Nations-Sponsored World Conferences in 1990s”, United Nations-Sponsored World Conferences: Focus on Impact and Follow-Up, Ed.: Michael Schechter, New York, United Nations University Press, 2001, ss. 3-9.
  • SCHERMERS, Henry G. - BLOKKER, Niels M., International Institutional Law: Unity Within Diversity, 5. bS., Leiden, BRILL, 2011.
  • SCHWITTER MARSIAJ, Caroline E., The Role of International NGOs in the Global Governance of Human Rights: Challenging the Democratic Deficit, Zürich, Schulthess, 2004.
  • SHAW, Malcom N., International Law, 9. bs., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2021.
  • SHESTACK, Jerome J., “Sisyphus Endures: The International Human Rights NGO”, New York Law School Law Review, C. 24, 1978, ss. 89-102.
  • SHORT, Nicola, “The Role of NGOs in the Ottawa Process to Ban Landmines”, International Negotiation, C. 4, S. 3, 1999, ss. 483-502.
  • SOHN, Louis, “Sources of International Law”, Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, C. 25, S. 1-2, 1995, ss. 399-406.
  • SOLEY, Ximena, “The Crucial Role of Human Rights NGOs in the Inter-American System”, American Journal of International Law, C. 113, 2019, ss. 355-359.
  • STEINER, Henry J., Diverse Partners: Non-Governmental Organizations in the Human Rights Movement, Cambridge, Harvard Law School Human Rights Program, 1991.
  • SYMONIDES, Janusz, “Some Reflections on the Role of Non Governemental Organisation in the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights”, Karel Vasak Amicorum Liber: Human Rights at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century, Brussels, Bruylant, 1999, ss. 879-896.
  • The Council of Europe, “CETS-124 European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of INGOs”, (1986), https://uia.org/archive/legal-status-4-11#sour, (26.03.2022).
  • The Council of Europe, “Explanatory Report on the European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations”, (24.04.1986), https://rm.coe.int/16800ca439, (01.02.2020).
  • THOMANN, Lars, “The ILO, Tripartism, and NGOs: Do Too Many Cooks Really Spoil the Broth?”, Civil Society Participation in European and Global Governance, Ed.: Jens Steffek, Claudia Kissling, Patrizia Nanz, London, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008, ss. 71-95.
  • THORNBERRY, Patrick, “The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)”, The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal, Ed.: Frédéric Mégret, Philip Alston, 2. bs., Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020.
  • TINKER, Catherine - SZASZ, Paul, “The Role of Non-state Actors in International Law-Making During the UN Decade of International Law”, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, C. 89, 1995, ss. 177-185.
  • TOLLEY, Howard, The Un Commission On Human Rights, Boulder, Westview Press, 1987.
  • UN Economic and Social Council, “1996/31 Consultative Relationship between the United Nations and Non-governmental Organizations”, (25.07.1996), https://www.un.org/esa/coordination/ngo/Resolution_1996_31/, (29.03.2022).
  • UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Legislative History of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Volume I, Genava, United Nations, 2007.
  • UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Legislative History of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Volume II, Genava, United Nations, 2007.
  • UN Human Rights Council, “A/HRC/RES/5/1 Institution-Building of the United Nations Human Rights Council”, (18.06.2007), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/603041, (18.05.2022).
  • UNERMAN, Jeffrey - O’DWYER, Brendan, “Theorising Accountability for NGO Advocacy”, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, C. 19, S. 3, 2006.
  • WAAK, Patricia, “Shaping a Sustainable Planet: The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations”, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, C. 6, S. 2, 1995, ss. 345-362.
  • WEISS, Thomas - GORDENKER, Leon, “Pluralising Global Governance: Analytical Approaches and Dimensions”, Ngos, the Un, and Global Governance, Ed.: Thomas Weiss, Leon Gordenker, Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 1996.
  • WEISSBRODT, David, “The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in the Implementation of Human Rights”, Texas International Law Journal, C. 12, 1977, ss. 293-320.
  • WEYERS, Helmut, “Co-Operation between Nongovernmental Volunteer Services and the United Nations Volunteers Programme”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, C. 21, S. 3-4, 1980, ss. 225-242.
  • WILLETTS, Peter, “From ‘Consultative Arrangements’ to ‘Partnership’: The Changing Status of NGOs in Diplomacy at the UN”, Global Governance, C. 6, S. 2, 2000, ss. 191-212.
  • WILLETTS, Peter, Non-Governmental Organizations in World Politics: The Construction of Global Governance, London, Routledge, 2010.
  • WISEBERG, Laurie, “The Internet: One More Tool in the Struggle for Human Rights”, NGOs and Human Rights: Promise and Performance, Ed.: Claude E. Welch, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001, ss. 238-247.
  • WISEBERG, Laurie, “The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the Protection and Enforcement of Human Rights”, Human Rights: International Protection, Monitoring, Enforcement, Ed.: Janusz Symonides, London, Routledge, 2017, ss. 347-372.
  • WISEBERG, Laurie S., “Protecting Human Rights Activists and NGOs: What More Can Be Done?”, Human Rights Quarterly, C. 13, S. 4, 1991, ss. 525-544.