DETECTION OF FECAL INDICATOR BACTERIA IN SHIP BALLAST WATER

Nowadays, discharge of ballast water is recognized as one of the greatest threats to the biodiversity of Sea of Marmara. In addition, transfer of pathogenic bacteria from ships' ballast water to ecosystem and coastal waters of Marmara Sea has negative impacts. In this study, presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and Salmonella spp. were investigated in the ships’ ballast water coming from different marine environments of Burgas-Bulgaria, Susa-Tunisia and Misratah-Libya to Marmara Sea. Membrane filtration method was used for the detection of FIB and Salmonella spp. in the samples. Based on the experimental results, presence of fecal indicator bacteria and Salmonella spp. were found to be over the International Maritime Organization (IMO) limit values. It is concluded that the uptake of ballast water from these areas and discharging to Marmara Sea could pose a serious threat to the coastal ecosystems and human health. Thus, development of national ballast water management procedure is urgently needed, especially for the future of the Marmara Sea.

Keywords:

Ballast water, fecal indicator bacteria Salmonella spp., Marmara Sea,

PDF

___

[1] Molnar JL, Gamboa RL, Revenga C, Spalding MD. (2008) Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity. Front. Ecol. Environ. 6, 485–492.
[2] Elçiçek H. (2014) Determination and Removal of Microorganisms from the Ballast Water in Sea of Marmara, MSc Thesis.
[3] Drake LA, Doblin MA, Dobbs FC. (2007) Potential microbial bioinvasions via ships’ ballast water, sediment, and biofilm. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 55, 333–341.
[4] Bax N, Williamson A, Aguero M, Gonzalez E, Geeves W. (2003) Marine invasive alien species: A threat to global biodiversity. Mar. Policy. 27, 313–323.
[5] Elçiçek H, Parlak A, Çakmakcı M. (2013) Effect of ballast water on marine and coastal ecology. J. Selcuk Univ. Nat. Appl. Sci. ICOEST Con, ISSN: 2147–318: 454–463.
[6] Katsanevakis S, Zenetos A, Belchior C, Cardoso AC. (2013) Invading European Seas: Assessing pathways of introduction of marine aliens. Ocean Coast. Manag. 76, 64–74.
[7] Ballast Water Conference. (2004) International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004. In: International Conference on Ballast Water Management for Ships. 2004. p. 1–37.
[8] Fathom. (2011) Ballast Water Management: The guide a definitive guide to ballast water regulations and technologies. 2011.
[9] Morinigo MA, Martinez-Manzanares E., Munioz MA, Balebona MC BJ. (1993) Reliability of several microorganisms to indicate the presence of Salmonella in natural waters. Water Sci. Technol. 27, 471–474.
[10] Arvanitidou M, Stathopoulos GA, Constantinidis TC, Katsouyannopoulos V. (1995) The occurrence of Salmonella, Campylobacter and Yersinia spp. in river and lake waters. Microbiol. Res. 150, 153–158.
[11] Morinigo MA, Cornax R, Munoz MA, Romero P, Borrego JJ. (1990) Relationships between Salmonella spp and indicator microorganisms in polluted natural waters. Water Res. 24, 117–120.
[12] P. Galès and B. Baleux. (1992) Influence of the Drainage Basin input on a Pathogenic Bacteria (Salmonella) Contamination of a Mediterranean Lagoon (The Thau Lagoon - France) and the Survival of This Bacteria in Brackish Water. Water Sci. Technol. 25, 105–114.
[13] Ferley JP, Zmirou D, Balducci F, Baleux B, Fera P, Larbaigt G, et al. (1989) Epidemiological significance of microbiological pollution criteria for river recreational waters. Int. J. Epidemiol. 18, 198–205.
[14] Cabelli VJ, Dufour AP, McCabe LJ, Levin MA. (1982) Swimming-associated gastroenteritis and water quality. Am. J. Epidemiol. 115, 606–616.
[15] Kay D, Fleisher JM, Salmon RL, Jones F, Wyer MD, Godfree AF, et al. (1994) Predicting likelihood of gastroenteritis from sea bathing: Results from randomised exposure. Lancet. 344, 905–909.
[16] Altug G, Gurun S, Cardak M, Ciftci PS, Kalkan S. (2012) The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in some ships’ ballast water incoming from various marine regions to the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Mar. Environ. Res. 81, 35–42.
[17] Kalkan S, Altuğ G. (2015) Bio-indicator bacteria & environmental variables of the coastal zones: The example of the Güllük Bay, Aegean Sea, Turkey. Mar. Pollut. Bull. [Internet]. 95, 380–4. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X15002192
[18] WHO/UNEP. (1994) Guidelines for health-related monitoring of coastal recreational and shellfish areas. Part I: General guidelines. Part II: Bacterial indicator organisms. Part III: Selected bacterial pathogens. Doc. ICP/CEH 041(2, 3, 4). , Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional Of.
[19] Edge TA, Hill S. (2007) Multiple lines of evidence to identify the sources of fecal pollution at a freshwater beach in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario. Water Res. 41, 3585–3594.
[20] Stewart JR, Gast RJ, Fujioka RS, Solo-Gabriele HM, Meschke JS, Amaral-Zettler LA, et al. (2008) The coastal environment and human health: microbial indicators, pathogens, sentinels and reservoirs. Environ. Health. 7 Suppl 2, S3.
[21] Piotr PS, Zbigniew M, Joanna G, Perlinski. (2012) Abundance and distribution of fecal indicator bacteria in recreational beach sand in the southern Baltic Sea. Rev. Biol. Mar. Oceanogr. 47, 503–512.
[22] Dufour AP. (1977) Escherichia coli: the fecal coliform. Bact. Indic. Hazards Assoc. with Water. , 48–58.
[23] Wade TJ, Pai N, Eisenberg JNS, Colford JM. (2003) Do U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water quality guidelines for recreational waters prevent gastrointestinal illness? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 111, 1102–1109.
[24] Corbett SJ, Rubin GL, Curry GK, Kleinbaum DG. (1993) The health effects of swimming at Sydney beaches. The Sydney Beach Users Study Advisory Group. Am. J. Public Health. 83, 1701–1706.
[25] Harrington JF, Wilcox DN, Giles PS, Ashbolt NJ, Evans JC, Kirton HC. (1993) The health of Sydney surfers: An epidemiological study. In: Water Science and Technology. 1993. p. 175–181.
[26] Mcbride GB, Salmond CE, Bandaranayake DR, Turner SJ, Lewis GD, Till DG. (1998) Health effects of marine bathing in New Zealand. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 8, 173–189.
[27] WHO. (2003) Next link will take you to another Web site Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Coast. fresh waters. World Heal, Geneva, Switzerland.
[28] Winfield MD, Groisman EA. (2003) Role of nonhost environments in the lifestyles of Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 3687–3694.
[29] Baudart J, Lemarchand K, Brisabois A, Lebaron P. (2000) Diversity of Salmonella Strains Isolated from the Aquatic Environment as Determined by Serotyping and Amplification of the Ribosomal DNA Spacer Regions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. [Internet]. 66, 1544–1552. Available from: http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/long/66/4/1544
[30] Polo F, Figueras MJ, Inza I, Sala J, Fleisher JM, Guarro J. (1999) Prevalence of Salmonella serotypes in environmental waters and their relationships with indicator organisms. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Int. J. Gen. Mol. Microbiol. 75, 285–292.
[31] Catalao Dionisio LP, Joao M, Soares Ferreiro V, Leonor Fidalgo M, García Rosado ME, Borrego JJ. (2000) Occurrence of Salmonella spp in estuarine and coastal waters of Portugal. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Int. J. Gen. Mol. Microbiol. 78, 99–106.
[32] Mohamed Hatha A. . (1997) Prevalence ofSalmonellain fish and crustaceans from markets in Coimbatore, South India. Food Microbiol. [Internet]. 14, 111–116. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740002096900702
[33] Heinitz ML, Ruble RD, Wagner DE, Tatini SR. (2000) Incidence of Salmonella in fish and seafood. J. Food Prot. 63, 579–592.
[34] Martinez-Urtaza J, Saco M, Hernandez-Cordova G, Lozano A, Garcia-Martin O, Espinosa J. (2003) Identification of Salmonella serovars isolated from live molluscan shellfish and their significance in the marine environment. J. Food Prot. 66, 226–232.
[35] Wilson IG, Moore JE. (1996) Presence of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in shellfish. Epidemiol. Infect. 116, 147–153.
[36] Bonilla TD, Nowosielski K, Cuvelier M, Hartz A, Green M, Esiobu N, et al. (2007) Prevalence and distribution of fecal indicator organisms in South Florida beach sand and preliminary assessment of health effects associated with beach sand exposure. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 54, 1472–1482.

Sigma Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi-Cover

ISSN: 1304-7191
Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 4 Sayı
Yayıncı: Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi

Arşiv