Bitkilerin hastalıklara karşı dayanıklılığında konukçu enzimlerin rolü

Hastalığa dayanıklılıkta bazı konukçu enzimleri önemli rol oynarlar. Glukonaz ve kitinaz enzimleri çoğunlukla konukçu orijinli olup, fungal patojenlerin misellerini parçalarlar ve aynı zamanda çoğufungusun hücre duvarlarının da önemli bileşenlerin-dendirler. Bu enzimler dayanıklı bitkilerde daha çok lizogeniye sebep olurlar, 1,3- $\beta$ -glukonaz aktivitesi, kavun Fusarium solgunluk hastalığına dayanıklı varyetelerde hassas varyetelere nazaran birkaç kat daha fazla olmaktadır. Bu enzimler bütün konukçu-patojen ilişkisinde hastalığa dayanıklılıkta tek başlarına belirleyici unsur olmamışlardır. Hastalığa dayanıklılıkla sıkı bir ilişkisi olan diğer bir konukçu enzim de peroksidazdır.Lignin sentezinde önemli bir enzim olup fenoliklerin oksidasyonuyla daha toksik quinonlan katalize eder. Polifenoloksidazlar peroksidaza benzer bir aktivite gösterirler. Bu enzim aktivitesi mikroorganizmalara karşı yüksek derecede toksik olan tanen ve quinonlann sentezine neden olur. Fenilalanin amonyum liyaz' (PAL) fenolik bileşikler, fıtoaleksinler ve lignin sentezi için anahtar enzimdir. Seçici inhibitörlerle PAL inhibasyonu dayanıklı dokuda duyarlılığa yol açtığı için, hastalığa dayanıklılıkta bu enzimin önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. $\beta$ -glukosidaz enfeksiyondan sonra aktif olan önemli bir konukçu enzimidir. Bu enzim, toksik olmayan glikozitleri patojenleri inhibe edenfenoliklere dönüştürür ve böylece $\beta$ -glukosidaz hastalığa dayanıklılıkta önemli bir rol oynar. Esterazlar ve hastalığa dayanıklılık arasında ilginç ilişkiler gözlenmiştir. Superoksit anyon üreten NADPH oksidaz sisteminin dayanıklılığın nedeni olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bir steroid glikoalkoloid olan digitonin birçok bitkide bu sistemi harekete geçirerek dayanıklılığa neden olmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

hastalığa dayanıklılık, konukçular, bitki hastalıkları, enzimler

Role of host enzymes in plant disease resistance

Some of the host enzymes play an important role in disease resistance. Glucanase and chitinase, two enzymes -which are mostly of host origin, lyse the mycelia of fungal pathogens, as glucans and chitin are the major components of the cell wall of most fungi. These enzymes cause more lysogeny in resistant plants. 1,3- $\beta$ -Glucanase activity may increase severalfold more in resistant varieties than in susceptible varieties as envisaged in muskmelon. However, these enzymes need not be involved in the disease-resistance mechanism in all host-pathogen systems. Peroxidase is another host enzyme which is frequently correlated with disease resistance. The exact mode of action of this enzyme is not known. It is an important enzyme in the synthesis of lignin, and it catalyzes the oxidation ofphenolics into more toxic quinones. Polyphenoloxidase has a similar activity to that of peroxidase. The enzyme activity leads to the synthesis of quinones and tanins which are highyl toxic to microorganisms. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is the key enzyme for the synthesis ofphenolics, phytoalexins, and lignin. Inhibition of PAL by selective inhibitors leads to susceptibilty in resistant tissues, suggesting the importance of this enzyme in disease resistance $\beta$ -Glicosidase is the important host enzyme which is activated after infection. This enzyme converts the nontoxic glicosides into phenolics, which are inhibitory to pathogens. Thus, fi-glycosidase also plays an important role in disease resistance. An interesting relation between esterases and disease resistance has been observed. The superoxide anion-generating NADPH oxidase system has been found to induce resistance. Digitonin, a steroid glycoalcoloid, activates this system in many plants and induces resistance.

Keywords:

disease resistance, hosts, plant diseases, enzymes,

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