MELINE TOUMANI VE TÜRKİ-ERMENİ UYUŞMAZLIĞI

Bu makale Ermeni Amerikalı gazeteci Meline Toumani'nin yazdığıkitabı incelemektedir. Herhangi bir akademik niteliği olmayan bu kitap;Toumani'nin ABD, Türkiye ve Ermenistan'daki tecrübelerine dayalı olan,herhangi bir arşivde herhangi bir araştırmaya, hatta kütüphanelerdegerçek bir çalışmaya bile dayalı olmaktan ziyade kayda değer sayıdamülakata dayalı olan ve dipnotları olmayan çok kişisel bir hikâyesiniiçermektedir. Genelinde, 1965'ten sonra ABD'deki ana akım Ermeni asıllıyazarların çalışmalarının en belirgin niteliği olmayan bir samimiyetleyazılmış olan Toumani'nin bu eseri, Kuzey Amerika'daki Ermenidiasporasının barındırdığı nefret kültürünü ve "soykırımın" çağdaş Ermenikimliğinde işgal ettiği yeri anlamak açısından önemli bir kaynak olarakkalacaktır. Ancak yazar, nihai olarak (özellikle Ermeni GençlikFederasyonunun yaz kamplarında) kendisine aşılanan önyargıları ve maruzkaldığı beyin yıkamasını bir kenara bırakmakta başarısız olmuştur. Türkiye'degeçirdiği zaman sırasında, kendilerini "liberal" olarak tanımlayan bilgisizveya yanlış bilgilendirilmiş ve taraflı görüşleri destekleyen bireylere yoğun birşekilde itimat eden ve Türk tarihi ve toplumu hakkında asgari nitelikte bilgiyiedinmemiş olan Toumani (ki Türki-Ermeni uyuşmazlığı konusunda daha da azbilgi edinmiştir), bir yol ayrımında kalmış ve ortaya ilginç olmakla berabertamamlanmamış bir eser koymuştur.

MELINE TOUMANI AND THE TURKIC-ARMENIAN CONFLICT

This essay analyzes the book authored by Armenian Americanjournalist Meline Toumani. Being a very personal story based on herexperiences in the United States, Turkey, and Armenia, based on asignificant number of interviews rather than on any research in anyarchives, or even a real work in libraries, having no footnote, the book isnot, at any level, a scholarly one. Written, as a whole, with a sincerity thatis not often the most obvious quality of mainstream Armenian-heritageauthors in the U.S. after 1965, Toumani's work will remain as an importantsource for the culture of hate within the Armenian diaspora of NorthAmerica, as well as on the place taken by the "genocide" claims in thedefinition of the contemporary Armenian identity. Yet, the authoreventually failed in her attempt to completely give up the prejudices andindoctrination she received, particularly in the summer camps of theArmenian Youth Federation. Relying heavily, during her time in Turkey,on ignorant or misinformed individuals who identify themselves as"liberals" and who promote tendentious views, and having not acquiredthe minimal knowledge on Turkish history and society, still less on theTurkic-Armenian conflict, Toumani remains in the middle of the fork,leaving an unachieved, albeit interesting, work.

___

'Western Armenia' return depends on youth, Sarkisian says". Hürriyet Daily News, 26.07.2011, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=8216west ern-armenia8217-return-depends-on-youth-sarkisian-says-2011-07-26 "Abdallah, connais pas". Le Monde, 17.10.1986.

"BOOK REVIEW: Toumani's 'There Was and There Was Not' Not Recommended." Asbarez, 01.06.2015, http://asbarez.com/136433/bookreview-toumanis-there-was-and-there-was-not-not-recommended/

"Geneso Fires Professor for Sexual Harrassment". Times Union, 25.04.1991, http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imag eid=5599449 "İşte soyağacı". Hürriyet, 23.02.2004.

"Study the Armenian Genocide with Confidence, Ara Sarafian Suggests". The Armenian Reporter, 16.12.2008, http://www.gomidas.org/press/show/14 "Yusuf Halaçoğlu Cevap Veriyor". Taraf, 23.06.2008

Abrahamian, Ervand. Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.

Aghassi (Garabet Toursarkisian). Zeïtoun, depuis les origines jusqu'à l'insurrection de 1895. Paris: Mercure de France, 1897).

Alexander, Benjamin. "Contested Memories, Divided Diaspora: Armenian Americans, the Thousand-Day Republic, and the Polarized Response to an Archbishop's Murder". Journal of American Ethnic History, XXVII-1, Fall 2007, p. 32-59.

Artinian, Vartan. The Armenian Constitutional System in the Ottoman Empire. 1839-1863. İstanbul, 1988.

Ata, Ferudun. "An Evaluation of the Approach of the Researches Who Advocate Armenian Genocide to the Trials Relocation". In: Mustafa Aydın (ed.), The New Approaches to Turkish-Armenian Relations. İstanbul: İstanbul University Publications, 2008.

Atamian, Astrig. "Les Arméniens communistes en France, une histoire oubliée". Amnis, n° 7, 2007.

Atamian, Sarkis. The Armenian Community. New York: Philosophical Library, 1955).

Atılgan, İnanç and Garabet Moumdjian (ed.). Archival Documents of the Viennese Armenian-Turkish Platform. Klagenfurt-Vienna-LjubljanaSarajevo: Wieser Verlag, 2009.

Auboyneau, Gaston. La Journée du 26 août 1896 à la Banque impériale ottomane, Constantinople. Villeurbanne: Imprimerie Chaix, 1912.

Barsoumian, Hagop. "The Dual Role of the Armenian Amira class within the Ottoman Government and the Armenian Millet (1750-1850)". In: Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis (ed.), Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, Volume I. New York-London: Holmes & Meier, 1982.

Bayur, Yusuf Hikmet. Türk İnkılâbı Tarihi. Ankara: TTK, Volume II-3, 1951, III-3, 1957.

Bernier, E. "La Turquie et la paix -- La question arménienne". L'Europe nouvelle, 29.11.1919.

Bloxham, Donald. The Great Game of Genocide. Oxford-New York: Oxford University Press, 2009 (first edition, 2005).

Bobelian, Michael. Children of Armenia. New York-London-Toronto-Sydney: Simon & Schuster, 2009.

Callender, Matthew A. "The Shock of Komitas". The Armenian MirrorSpectator, 17.10.1959.

Çark, Yervant. Türk Devleti Hizmetinde Ermeniler, 1453-1953. Ankara: Yeni Matbaa, 1953.

Carlson, John Roy (Arthur Derounian). "The Armenian Displaced Persons". Armenian Affairs Magazine, I-1, Winter 1949-1950.

Cartner, Holly. "Response to Armenian Government Letter on the town of Khojaly, Nagorno-Karabakh". Hrw.org, 23.03.1997, https://www.hrw.org/news/1997/03/23/response-armenian-governmentletter-town-khojaly-nagorno-karabakh

Çiçek, Kemal (ed.) 1909 Adana Olayları Makaleler/The Adana İncidents Of 1909 Revisited. Ankara: TTK, 2011.

Clot, André. Soliman le Magnifique. Paris: Fayard, 1983.

Constant, Antoine. L'Azerbaïdjan. Paris: Karthala, 2002.

Cornell, Svante E. "Turkey and the Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh: A Delicate Balance". Middle Eastern Studies, XXXIX-1, January 1998.

des Coursons, R. La Rébellion arménienne, son origine, son but. Paris: Librairie du Service central de presse, 1895. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5801336w

Dündar, Fuat. Crime of Numbers: The Role of Statistics in the Armenian Question (1878-1918). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2010.

Edip, Halide. Memoirs of Halidé Edib. New York-London: The Century C°, 1926.

Efiloğlu, Ahmet. "Fuat Dündar and the Deportation of the Greeks". Middle East Critique, XXIII-1, 2014.

Efiloğlu, Ahmet. "Fuat Dündar'ın, Osmanlı Belgelerinde Kaybolan 'Modern Türkiye'nin Şifresi'". Belleten, LXXIV/270, August 2010.

Erickson, Edward J. "Armenian Massacres, New Records Undercut Old Blame". The Middle East Quarterly, XIII-3, Summer 2006, http://www.meforum.org/991/armenian-massacres-new-records-undercutold-blame Erickson, Edward J. Ottomans and Armenians. A Study in Counter-Insurgency. New York-London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2013.

Ertan, Semi. An Armenian at the Turkish parliament in the early republican period: Berç Türker-Keresteciyan, 1870-1949, master thesis, Sabancı University, İstanbul, 2005.

Ferro, Marc. Les Tabous de l'histoire. Paris: Nil éditions, 2002.

Gasfield, Nicolas. "Au front de Perse pendant la Grande guerre -- Souvenirs d'un officier français". Revue d'histoire de la Guerre mondiale, II-4, 1924.

Gates, Caleb. Not to Me Only. Princeton-London: Princeton University Press/Oxford University Press. Gauin, Maxime. "Remembering the Orly Attack". Review of International Law and Politics, VII-27.

Gauin, Maxime. "Review Essay: 'Proving' a 'Crime against Humanity'?" Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, XXXV-1, March 2015, http://www.ataa.org/reference/Gauin_Akcam_JMMA_2015.pdf

Gauin, Maxime. "Strategic Threats And Hesitations: The Operations And Projects Of Landing In Cilicia And The Ottoman Armenians (1914-1917)".

In: 19.-20. Yüzyıllarda Türk-Ermeni İlişkileri Sempozyomu. İstanbul: Türk Ocakları/İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2015. https://www.academia.edu/24209649/Strategic_threats_and_hesitations_Th e_Operations_And_Projects_of_Landing_In_Cilicia_And_The_Ottoman_ Armenians_1914-1917_

Gauin, Maxime. "Victims of their Nationalists: Armenians and Greeks in Western Anatolia, 1905-1922". In: Ermeni Meselesi ve 1915 Olayları. İstanbul: İstanbul Aydın University Publications, 2015. https://www.academia.edu/22746646/Victims_of_their_Nationalists_Arme nians_and_Greeks_in_Western_Anatolia_1905-1922

Gençtürk, Ahmet Kemal. "Book Review". Insight Turkey, XVII-3, Summer 2015, http://www.insightturkey.com/a-question-of-genocide-armeniansand-turks-at-the-end-of-the-ottoman-empire/book-reviews/6497

Georgeon, François. "Le dernier sursaut (1878-1908)". In: Robert Mantran (ed.), Histoire de l'Empire ottoman. Paris: Fayard, 1989.

Goltz, Thomas. "The Successes of the Spin Doctors: Western Media Reporting

on the Nagorno Karabakh Conflict". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, XXXII-2, June 2012.

Gorgas, Jordi Tejel. Le Mouvement kurde de Turquie en exil : continuités et discontinuités du nationalisme kurde sous le mandat français en Syrie et au Liban (1925-1946). Berne: Peter Lang, 2007.

Güçlü, Yücel. "Mislabeling Genocide?" The Middle East Quarterly, XIII-2, Spring 2006, http://www.meforum.org/969/the-great-game-of-genocide Gunn, Christopher. "Commemoration for the 40th years of the first victims of ASALA". Review of Armenian Studies, Issue #27, 2013.

Gunn, Christopher. "Eyes Wide Shut: Armenian-American Newspapers and Armenian Terrorism (1973-1985)". In: Tolga Başak and Mevlüt Yüksel (ed.), I. Uluslararası Türk-Ermeni İlişkileri ve Büyük Sempozyomu/First International Symposium on Turkish-Armenian Relations and Great Powers. Erzurum: Atatürk University, 2014.

Gürün, Kâmuran. The Armenian File. London-Nicosia-İstanbul: K. Rüstem & Bro./Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

Halaçoğlu, Yusuf. Facts on the Relocation of Armenians. Ankara: TTK, 2002.

Halaçoğlu, Yusuf. The Story of 1915. What happened to the Ottoman Armenians? Ankara: TTK, 2008.

Hepworth, George H. Through Armenia on Horseback. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1898. https://archive.org/details/througharmeniaon00hepw Jamanak. Realities from Turkish Armenians. İstanbul, 1980.

Kahmi, Jak. What I've Seen What I've Experienced. İstanbul: Bahçeşehir University Publications, 2013.

Kaiser, Hilmar. "A Deportation that Did Not Occur". The Armenian Weekly, 26.04.2008

Kaiser, Hilmar. "Germany and the Armenian Genocide: A Review Essay". Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies, VIII, 1995.

Kaiser, Hilmar. "Regional resistance to central government policies: Ahmed Djemal Pasha, the governors of Aleppo, and Armenian deportees in the spring and summer of 1915". Journal of Genocide Research, XII-3/4, 2010.

Karabekir, Kazım. İstiklal Harbımız. İstanbul: Türkiye Yayınevi, 1960 (first edition, 1951)

Karal, Enver Ziya. Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Ermeni Meselesi. Ankara: Dışişleri Akademisi, 1971.

Kitsikis, Dimitri. L'Empire ottoman. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1991.

Koçaş, Sadi. Tarih Boyunca Ermeniler ve Selçuklular'dan Beri Türk-Ermeni İlişkileri. Ankara: Altınok Matbaası, 1967.

Kunt, Metin. "Transformation of Zimmi in Askeri". In: Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, Volume I. New York-London: Holmes & Meier, 1982.

Kutay, Cemal. Karabekir Ermenistan'ı Nasıl Yok Etti? İstanbul: Ercan Matbaa, 1956.

Kyrou, Ariel and Maxime Mardoukhaïev. "Le Haut-Karabagh, vu du côté Azerbaïdjan". Hérodote, n° 54-55, 4e trimestre 1989.

Langer, William. The Diplomacy of Imperialism. 1890-1902. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960.

Lewy, Guenter. The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2005.

Lowry, Heath. "Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Armenian Terrorism: 'Threads of Continuity'". International Terrorism and the Drug Connection. Ankara: Ankara University Press, 1984.

Mamoulia, Georges. "L'histoire du groupe Caucase (1934-1939)". Cahiers du monde russe, 2007/1.

Mantran, Robert. Histoire d'İstanbul. Paris: Fayard, 1996.

McCarthy, Justin. "Book review". American Historical Review, XCIX-2, April 1994.

McCarthy, Justin. Cemalettin Taşkıran and Ömer Turan. Sasun. The History of an 1890s Armenian Rebellion. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2014.

McCarthy, Justin. Muslims and Minorities. The Population of Ottoman Anatolia and the End of the Empire. New York-London: New York University Press, 1983.

McMeekin, Sean. The Russian Origins of the First World War. Cambridge (Massachusetts)-London: Harvard University Press, 2011.

Miller, Donald E. and Lorna Touryan Miller. "Armenian Survivors: A Typological Analysis of Victim Response". Oral History Review, X-1, 1982. Minassian, Gaïdz. Guerre et terrorisme arméniens. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2002.

Moreau, Odile. L'Empire ottoman à l'âge des réformes. Les hommes et les idées du « Nouvel Ordre » militaire (1826-1914). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2007.

Naess, Ragnar. A Genocidal Age and its Aftermath. London: Gomidas Institute/Taderon Press, 2015.

Nalbandian, Louise. The Armenian Revolutionary Movement. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press, 1963.

Özdemir, Hikmet and Yusuf Sarınay (ed.). Turkish-Armenian Conflict Documents. Ankara: TBMM, 2007.

Papazian, Kapriel Serope. Patriotism Perverted. Boston: Baikar Press, 1934.

Penati, Beatrice. "'C'est l'Italie qui est prédestinée par l'Histoire': la Rome fasciste et les nationalistes caucasiens en exil (1928-1939)". Oriente Moderno, LXXXVIII-1, 2008.

Perinçek, Mehmet. "Garegin Njdeh, Ermeni Milliyetçi Hareketi ve Büyük Güçler". In: Tolga Başak and Mevlüt Yüksel (ed.), II. Uluslararası TürkErmeni İlişkileri ve Büyük Sempozyomu/Second International Symposium on Turkish-Armenian Relations and Great Powers, Volume I. Erzurum: Atatürk University, 2016.

Perinçek, Mehmet. "Nazi-Dashnak Collaboration during World War II". In: Center for Eurasian Studies (AVİM) (ed.), Turkish-Russian Academics. A Historical Study on the Caucasus. Ankara: Terazi, 2016.

Perinçek, Mehmet. Ermeni Milliyetçiliğinin Serünevi. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 2015.

Richardot, Jean-Pierre. Arméniens, quoi qu'il en coûte. Paris: Fayard, 1982. Şahin, Erman. "Review Essay: A Scrutiny of Akçam's Version of History and the Armenian Genocide". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, XXVIII-2, August 2008.

Salt, Jeremy. "Forging the past: OUP and the 'Armenian question'". Eurasia Critic, January 2010, http://www.tc-america.org/scholar/forging_the_past_OUP_and_the_ Armenian%20question.html

Salt, Jeremy. "History as Theology". International Journal of Turkish Studies, XVII-1/2, Fall 2011.

Salt, Jeremy. "The Narrative Gap in Ottoman Armenian History". Middle Eastern Studies, XXXIX-1, January 2003.

Salt, Jeremy. The Unmaking of the Middle East. Berkeley-Los AngelesLondon: University of California Press, 2008. Sari Gelin (2005), documentary movie.

Sarınay, Yusuf. "Rusya'nın Türkiye Siyasetinde Ermeni Kartı (1878-1918)". Gazi Akademik Bakış, I-2, 2008

Sarınay, Yusuf. "What Happened on April 24, 1915? The Circular of April 24, 1915, and the Arrest of Armenian Committee Members in İstanbul". International Journal of Turkish Studies, XIV-1 & 2, Fall 2008.

Schull, Kent. "Book Review," The Journal of Modern History, LXXVI-4, December 2014.

Shaw, Stanford Jay. "The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831- 1914". International Journal of Middle East Studies, IX-3, August 1978.

Sonyel, Salâhi (ed.). The Displacement of Armenians. Documents. Ankara: TTK, 1978.

Sonyel, Salâhi. "The Turco-Armenian 'Adana Incidents' in the Light of Secret British Documents (July 1908-December 1909)". Belleten, LI/201, December 1987, http://www.ttk.org.tr/templates/resimler/File/fulltext/Belleten_Makale/bel2 01-1291_1338.pdf

Toumani, Meline. There Was and There Was Not - A Journey through Hate and Possibility in Turkey, Armenia and Beyond. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2014

Tunc, André. "L'abolition par la Cour suprême des Éats-Unis de la ségrégation raciale dans l'enseignement public". Revue internationale de droit comparé, VI-4, 1954, p. 816-824, http://www.persee.fr/doc/ridc_0035-3337_1954_num_6_4_9099

UNHCR. International Protection Considerations Regarding Azerbaijani Asylum-Seekers and Refugees. Geneva, 2003.

Uras, Esat. Tarihte Ermeniler ve Ermeni Meselesi. Ankara: Yeni Matbaa, 1950.

Veinstein, Gilles. "L'empire dans sa grandeur (XVIe siècle)". In: Robert Mantran (ed.), Histoire de l'Empire ottoman. Paris: Fayard, 1989.

Whitman, Sidney. Turkish Memories. New York-London: Charles Schribner's Sons/William Heinemann, 1914. https://archive.org/details/turkishmemories00whituoft.

Yavuz, Fikretin. Osmanlı Devleti'nde Ermeni Terörü: 1896 Osmanlı Bankası Baskını. Ankara: TTK, 2015.

Yerasimos, Stéphane. "Caucase, la grande mêlée (1914-1921)". Hérodote, n° 54-55, 4e trimestre 1989.

Yerasimos, Stéphane. "Transcaucasie: le retour de la Russie". Hérodote, n° 81, avril-juin 1996.

Zamir, Meir. "Population Statistics of the Ottoman Empire in 1914 and 1919". Middle Eastern Studies, XVII-1, January 1981.

Zavie, Émile. D'Archangel au Golfe Persique, aventures de cinquante Français. Paris: La Cité des livres, 1927.