Cansu PALA, Zeynep Şen HASTAOĞLU, Burak AKDENİZ

Mülkiyet Kavramının Erken Çocuklukta Gelişim Süreci ve Farklı Boyutları

Mülkiyet, bir kişi ile nesne arasında kurulan ve diğer insanlarca kabul edilen bir aitlik ilişkisidir. Bir nesnenin kime ait olduğunun bilmek, erken çocukluk döneminde çocuğun ‘benim’ ve ‘benim olmayan’ı ayırt etmesini sağlar. Bu derleme çalışması, erken çocukluk döneminde mülkiyet kavramının gelişim süreçlerini, kavramın temel boyutlarını ve mülkiyet gelişiminin dil ve kültür ile olan ilişkisini ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Mülkiyetin çok boyutlu yapısı hangi tür nesnelerin sahiplenildiğini, mülkiyet kararının nasıl verildiğini, mülkiyetle gelen hak ve ayrıcalıkların nasıl aktarıldığını içerir. İki yaşındaki çocukların çoğu, bir nesnenin kime ait olduğunu tanıyabilir ve mülkiyeti belirleyebilirken, ancak beşinci yaş günlerinden sonra çocuklar, bir nesnenin sahibini arzuya göre değil, transfer kurallarına göre belirleyebilir. Mülkiyetteki gelişimsel farklılıkları raporlayan çalışmalarda yaşın etkisinin tutarsız olduğu göze çarpmaktadır. Nesne ve birey arasında kurulan soyut bir ilişkinin çocuk tarafından anlaşılmasını ve bu ilişkinin zihinde temsil edilebilmesini gerektirdiği için mülkiyet kavramının, erken çocukluk döneminde hızla değişim gösteren sosyal bilişsel süreçler kapsamında ele alınması gerektiği öne sürülmüştür. Bu nedenle, bu derleme çalışmasında benlik gelişimi, zihinsel temsil ve diğer bilişsel becerilerin mülkiyetin altında yatan etmenlerden olup olmayacağı tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca, dil ve kültürün hem doğrudan hem bilişsel yapılar aracılığı ile, mülkiyet kavramına olan olası etkilerinden de bahsedilmiştir. Uluslararası alan yazında varlığı tanınsa da, gelişimi ve onu oluşturan öğeler yeterince incelenmeyen mülkiyet kavramı, hem sosyal bir yapı oluşu hem de bilişsel becerilerin üstüne inşa edildiği düşüncesi bakımından oldukça ilgi çekicidir. İnsanın sahiplik anlayışına yüklediği anlamın kavranmasının ve sahip olduğu nesneler üzerinden yaptığı anlam arayışının (genişletilmiş benlik hipotezi) incelenmesinin, mülkiyet kavramının nasıl bir gelişimsel örüntüyü takip ettiğinin anlaşılması sayesinde aydınlatılması ümit edilmektedir. Türkiye örnekleminde bu kavramı ele alan bir çalışmanın henüz bulunmuyor olması nedeniyle; bilinen gelişimsel özellikleri ve temel yapılarına değinilen mülkiyet kavramının bu derlemede alandaki araştırmacılara tanıtılması amaçlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Mülkiyet, mülkiyet aktarımı, mülkiyet hakları, erken çocukluk dönemi, gelişim, sosyal bilişsel süreçler

A Review of Ownership: The Developmental Course and Its Dimensions

Ownership is a relation of belonging between a person and an object that is accepted by other people. Knowing to whom an object belongs allows children to differentiate between what is theirs and what is not. This review aims to explore the development processes of ownership during early childhood, the basic dimensions of the concept of ownership, and the relationship of ownership development with language and culture. The multidimensional structure of ownership includes the kinds of objects that are owned, how ownership decisions are made, and how property rights and privileges are transferred. Most two-year-olds can recognize who owns an object and determine ownership, but only after the fifth birthday can children determine an owner not by desire but by transfer rules. In studies reporting developmental differences in ownership, the effect of age is strikingly inconsistent. However, ownership should be addressed in early childhood within the scope of rapidly changing social cognitive processes. A child needs to understand the abstract relationship between an object and an individual and represent that relationship in their mind. Therefore, this review study discusses whether self-development, mental representation, and other cognitive abilities are among the underlying factors of ownership. In addition, the possible effects of language and culture on ownership, both directly and cognitively, are also mentioned. Although ownership is exciting in social structure and in built-upon cognitive skills recognized in the literature, its development and constituent elements have yet to be examined sufficiently. Understanding ownership’s developmental pattern might illuminate meaning attributed to ownership and objects (extended-self hypothesis). Since no research has addressed this concept in a Turkish sample to date, this review aims to introduce the notion of ownership, its developmental characteristics, and its basic structures for researchers in the field

Keywords:

Ownership, ownership transfer, ownership rights, early childhood, development, social cognitive processes,

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