Vanadium alloys as structural material in fusion reactors

Vanadyum alaşımları üstün fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinden dolayı, füzyon güç sistemleri için önde gelen düşük aktivasyonlu yapı malzemesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Vanadyum alaşımları büyük tasarım çalışmalarında incelenmekte ve seçilmektedir. Birçok uluslararası araştırma programlarında genel ilgi V-4Cr-4Ti alaşımı referans olmak suretiyle vanadyum-krom-titanyum alaşımları üzerindedir. Füzyon uygulamalarında vanadyum alaşımlarının geliştirilmesinde önemli bir ilerleme sağlanmıştır. Bu makale füzyon uygulamalarındaki vanadyum alaşımlarının genel bir incelemesini sunmaktadır.

Füzyon reaktörlerinde yapı malzemesi olarak vanadyum alaşımları

Vanadium alloys have been identified as a leading candidate low activation structural material for first-wall and blanket components of fusion power systems due to their favorable mechanical and physical properties. Vanadium alloys have been selected and evaluated in major design studies. The current focus is on the vanadium-chromium-titanium alloys with a V-4Cr-4Ti alloy as the reference composition in many international research programs. Significant progress has been made in the development of vanadium alloys for fusion applications. This paper presents an overview of vanadium alloys for fusion applications

___

1. Fukumoto K., Morimura T., Tanaka T., Kimura A., Abe K., Takahashi H., Matsui H., " Mechanical Properties of Vanadium Based Alloys for Fusion Reactor," Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 239, pp. 170-175, 1996.
2. Conn R. W., Najmabadi F. and Tillack M.S., "Prospects and Issues for Commercial Fusion Power Systems," Fusion Engineering and Design, vol.41 Iss. 1-4, pp. 337-347, 1998.
3. Tillack M.S. and The Aries Team, "Engineering Overwiev of ARIES-RS Tokamak Power Plant" 19th Symposium on Fusion Technology, Lisbon-Portugal, 1996.
4. Tillack M.S. and The Aries Team, "Engineering Design of the ARIES-RS Power Plant" Fusion Engineering and Design, vol.41 part B, pp. 491-499, 1998.
5. Sze D.K., Billone M.C., Hua T.Q., Tillack M.S., Najmabadi F., Wang X., Malang S., El-Guebaly L.A., Sviatoslavsky I.N., Blanchard J.P., Crowell J.A., Khater H.Y., Mogahed E.A., Waganer L.M., Lee D., Cole D., "The ARIES-RS Power Core-Recent Development in Li/V Designs" Fusion Engineering and Design, vol.41 Iss. 1-4, pp. 371-376, 1998.
6. Smith D.L., Billone M.C., Natesan K., "Vanadium-base Alloys for Fusion First Wall/Blanket Applications", International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Metals, vol.18, pp, 213-224, 2000.
7. Donne M.D., Harries D.R., Kailinin G., Mattas R., Mori S., "Material Problems and Requirements Related To The Development of Fusion Blankets: The Designer Point of View," Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 212-215, pp. 69-79, 1994.
8. Dyomina E.V., Fenici P., Kolotov V.P., Zucchetti M., "Low-activation Characteristics of V-alloys and SiC Composites", Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 258-263, pp. 1784- 1790, 1998.
9. Jones R.H., Heinisch H.L., McCarthy K.A., " Low Activation Materials", Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 271&272, pp. 518-525, 1999.
10. Xu Z., Natesan K., Reed C.B., Smith D.L., " Procedure Development of Laser Welding of V-4Cr-4Ti Alloy", International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Metals, vol.18, pp. 231-236,2000.
11. Smith D.L., Chung H.M., Matsui H., Rowcliffe A.F., "Progress in Vanadium Alloy Development for Fusion Applications", Fusion Engineering and Design, vol.41, pp. 7-14, 1998.
12. Gohar Y., Smith D.L. "Multiplier, Moderator, and Reflector Materials for Advanced Lithium-Vanadium Fusion Blankets", Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 283-287, pp. 1370- 1374, 2000
13. Mattas R.F., Smith D.L., Reed C.B., Park J.H., Kirillov I.R., Strebkov Y.S., Rusanov A.E.,Votinov S.N., "Results of R&D for Lithium/Vanadium Breeding Blanket Design", Fusion Engineering and Design, vol.39-40, pp. 659-668,1998.
14. Solonin M.I., Chernov V.M., Gorokhov W..A., Ioltukhovsky A.G., Shikov A.K., Blokhin A.I. " Present Status and Future Prospect of the Russian Program for Fusion Low- activation Materials", Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 283-287, pp. 1468-1472,2000.
15. Johnson W.R., Smith J.P., "Fabrication of a 1200 kg Ingot "of V-4Cr-4Ti Alloy for the DIII-D Radiative Divertor Program", Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 258-263, pp. 1425- 1430, 1998.
16. Zinkle S.J., Matsui H., Smith D.L., Rowcliffe A.F., Van Osch E., Abe K., Kazakov V.A.,"Research and Development on Vanadium Alloys for Fusion Applications", Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 258-263, pp. 205-214, 1998.
17. Kuwabara T., Kurishita H., Hasegawa M.," Microstructure Control to Improve Mechanical Properties of Vanadium Alloys for Fusion Applications", Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 283-287, pp. 611-615,2000.
18. Muroga T., Nagasaka T, "Reduction of Impurity Levels of Vanadium and Its Alloys for Fusion Application", International Journal of Refractory Metals&Hard Metals, vol.18, pp. 225-230, 2000.
19. Richter D., Forrest R.A., Freiesleben H., Kovalchuk Va.D., Kovalchuk Vi.D., Markovskij D.V., Seidel K., Tereshkin V.I., Unholzer S., "Measurement and Analysis of Radioactivity Induced in Steels and a Vanadium Alloy by 14-MeV Neutrons", Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 283-287, pp. 1434-1437, 2000.
20. Kurtz R.J., Hamilton M.L., Li H., "Grain Boundary Chemistry and Heat Treatment Effects on the Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Behavior of Vanadium Alloys", Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 258-263, pp. 1375-1379, 1998.
21. Bray T.S., Tsai H., Nowicki L.J., Billone M.C., Smith D.L., Johnson W.R., Trester P.W., "Tensile and Impact Properties of V-4Cr-4Ti Alloy Heats 832665 and 832864", Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 283-287, pp. 633-636, 2000.
22. Chung H.M., Loomis B.A., Smith D.L., "Creep Properties of Vanadium-base Alloys", Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 212-215, pp. 772- 777, 1994.
23. Evtikhin V.A., Lyublinski I.E., Vertkov A.V., "Compatibility of Vanadium Alloys and Its Weld Joints in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Liquid Lithium Systems", Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 258-263, pp. 1487-1491, 1998.
24. Van Osch E.V., De Vries M.I., "Irradiation Hardening of V-4Cr-4Ti", Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 271-272, pp. 162-166, 1999.
25.Kazakov V.A., Ostrovsky Z., Goncharenko Y., Chakin V., "Features of Radiation Damage of Vanadium and Its Alloys at a Temperature of 330-340 °C", Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 283-287, pp. 727-730, 2000.
26. Satou M., Abe K., Kayano H., Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 212-215, pp. 794-798, 1998.
27. Markovskij D.V., Forrest R.A., Freiesleben H., Kovalchuk V.D., Richter D, Seidel K., Tereshkin V.I., Unholzer S., " Experimental Investigation of Radioactivities Induced in Fusion Reactor Structural Materials by 14- MeV Neutrons", Fusion Engineering and Design, vol. 51-52, pp. 695-700, 2000.